Europe Radar · Annual close · 2023
86 annual indicators with 2023 data for most countries.
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Key points
- GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27: The EU-27 stands at 100 (0.0% on a year earlier). Spain, 90, ranking 18 of 34. The highest value is Luxembourg (247) and the lowest Bosnia and Herzegovina (35).
- Government deficit (−) or surplus (+): The EU-27 stands at -3.4% (-0.2 pp on a year earlier). Spain, -3.3%, ranking 18 of 27. The highest value is Denmark (3.4%) and the lowest Italy (-7.1%).
- Government debt: The EU-27 stands at 80.5% (-1.9 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 105.2%, ranking 24 of 27. The highest value is Greece (164.3%) and the lowest Estonia (20.2%).
- Nominal GDP (annual): The EU-27 stands at 17,294,869 M€ (+6.8% on a year earlier). Spain, 1,496,277 M€. The highest value is Germany (4,254,930 M€) and the lowest Montenegro (7,069 M€).
- Real GDP growth (annual): The EU-27 stands at 0.4% (-3.2 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 2.4%, ranking 15 of 37. The highest value is Malta (7.1%) and the lowest Ireland (-3.3%).
- GDP per capita: The EU-27 stands at 38,450 € (+6.3% on a year earlier). Spain, 30,950 €, ranking 18 of 37. The highest value is Liechtenstein (185,840 €) and the lowest Moldova (6,360 €).
- Real GDP per capita: The EU-27 stands at 33,450 € (-0.1% on a year earlier). Spain, 27,130 €, ranking 17 of 36. The highest value is Luxembourg (102,250 €) and the lowest Moldova (4,580 €).
- Real GDP per capita, annual change: The EU-27 stands at -0.1% (-3.0 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 1.2%, ranking 17 of 35. The highest value is Montenegro (6.5%) and the lowest Estonia (-5.4%).
All indicators
| Indicator | EU-27 | Euro area | Spain | Highest | Lowest | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP and national accounts | ||||||
| Nominal GDP (annual) M€ | 17,294,869 M€ | 14,796,812 M€ | 1,496,277 M€ | Germany 4,254,930 M€ | Montenegro 7,069 M€ | 39 |
| Real GDP growth (annual) % | 0.4% | 0.4% | 2.4% 15/37 | Malta 7.1% | Ireland -3.3% | 37 |
| GDP per capita € per inhabitant | 38,450 € | 41,550 € | 30,950 € 18/37 | Liechtenstein 185,840 € | Moldova 6,360 € | 37 |
| Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant | 33,450 € | 36,410 € | 27,130 € 17/36 | Luxembourg 102,250 € | Moldova 4,580 € | 36 |
| Real GDP per capita, annual change % | -0.1% | -0.2% | 1.2% 17/35 | Montenegro 6.5% | Estonia -5.4% | 35 |
| GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant | 38,445 PPS | 39,983 PPS | 34,734 PPS 18/34 | Luxembourg 95,129 PPS | Bosnia and Herzegovina 13,591 PPS | 34 |
| GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100 | 104 | 90 18/34 | Luxembourg 247 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 35 | 34 |
| Industry share of the economy % of GVA | 20.1% | 19.7% | 16.1% 29/39 | Norway 36.3% | Luxembourg 5.7% | 39 |
| Construction share of the economy % of GVA | 5.5% | 5.3% | 5.7% 20/39 | Albania 13.8% | Ukraine 1.8% | 39 |
| Services share of the economy % of GVA | 72.5% | 73.3% | 75.3% 10/39 | Luxembourg 89.6% | Albania 54.2% | 39 |
| Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA | 18.2% | 18.5% | 17.2% 20/39 | Ukraine 31.2% | Liechtenstein 9.0% | 39 |
| Prices | ||||||
| HICP, annual average rate % | 6.4% | 5.5% | 3.4% 4/35 | Türkiye 54.0% | Belgium 2.3% | 35 |
| Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 103.9 | 89.1 18/36 | Switzerland 156.5 | Türkiye 46.1 | 36 |
| Government | ||||||
| Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP | -3.4% | -3.5% | -3.3% 18/27 | Denmark 3.4% | Italy -7.1% | 27 |
| Government debt % of GDP | 80.5% | 86.5% | 105.2% 24/27 | Greece 164.3% | Estonia 20.2% | 27 |
| Government debt, total amount M€ | 13,897,258 M€ | 12,773,254 M€ | 1,575,377 M€ | France 3,103,248 M€ | Estonia 7,736 M€ | 27 |
| Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP | — | — | 44.9% 6/28 | Greece 120.2% | Sweden 6.2% | 28 |
| Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP | — | — | 27.7% 2/28 | Italy 32.5% | Czechia 0.0% | 28 |
| Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP | — | — | 19.8% 2/27 | Italy 28.9% | Latvia 1.5% | 27 |
| Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP | — | — | 10.6% 5/27 | Italy 18.4% | Cyprus 0.0% | 27 |
| Government debt held by households % of GDP | — | — | 1.8% 10/18 | Portugal 17.0% | Slovakia 0.0% | 18 |
| Average remaining maturity of government debt years | — | — | 8.0 11/24 | Greece 19.2 | Sweden 3.4 | 24 |
| Total government revenue % of GDP | 45.5% | 45.8% | 42.1% 20/30 | Norway 60.9% | Ireland 23.6% | 30 |
| Total government expenditure % of GDP | 48.9% | 49.3% | 45.4% 16/30 | France 56.8% | Ireland 22.1% | 30 |
| Government interest payments % of GDP | 1.70% | 1.70% | 2.40% 26/30 | Iceland 5.60% | Luxembourg 0.30% | 30 |
| Apparent cost of government debt % | — | — | 2.3% 15/25 | Romania 4.5% | Luxembourg 1.2% | 25 |
| Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP | 3.60% | 3.30% | 3.00% 26/30 | Estonia 6.50% | Ireland 2.30% | 30 |
| Tax burden (taxes and social contributions) % of GDP | 39.9% | 40.4% | 37.1% 15/30 | France 45.6% | Ireland 22.1% | 30 |
| Taxes on income and wealth % of GDP | 13.0% | 13.1% | 12.2% 14/30 | Denmark 29.8% | Romania 5.4% | 30 |
| VAT % of GDP | 7.1% | 7.0% | 6.4% 25/30 | Croatia 13.2% | Switzerland 3.1% | 30 |
| Social contributions % of GDP | 13.7% | 14.4% | 13.2% 10/30 | Germany 16.8% | Denmark 0.7% | 30 |
| Government expenditure by function (COFOG) | ||||||
| General public services expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 5.9% | 5.9% | 5.6% 11/30 | Hungary 10.1% | Ireland 2.1% | 30 |
| Defence expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.9% 22/30 | Estonia 3.1% | Ireland 0.2% | 30 |
| Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.8% 10/30 | Romania 3.1% | Ireland 0.7% | 30 |
| Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 5.8% | 5.7% | 5.0% 21/30 | Hungary 9.5% | Ireland 2.0% | 30 |
| Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% 5/30 | Netherlands 1.5% | Finland 0.2% | 30 |
| Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.5% 20/30 | Italy 4.4% | Switzerland 0.2% | 30 |
| Health expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 7.2% | 7.3% | 6.6% 15/30 | Austria 9.0% | Switzerland 2.2% | 30 |
| Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.2% 16/30 | Iceland 2.9% | Ireland 0.4% | 30 |
| Education expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 4.7% | 4.6% | 4.2% 24/30 | Sweden 7.3% | Ireland 2.7% | 30 |
| Social protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 19.1% | 19.6% | 18.5% 10/30 | Finland 25.6% | Ireland 8.1% | 30 |
| General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 12.0% | 12.0% | 12.4% 12/30 | Hungary 20.4% | Bulgaria 8.2% | 30 |
| Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.1% 23/30 | Estonia 7.1% | Iceland 0.3% | 30 |
| Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 3.5% | 3.4% | 4.0% 10/30 | Romania 7.7% | Denmark 2.1% | 30 |
| Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 11.8% | 11.6% | 11.0% 21/30 | Malta 19.8% | Denmark 6.4% | 30 |
| Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 1.6% | 1.7% | 2.1% 5/30 | Netherlands 3.5% | Finland 0.4% | 30 |
| Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 2.4% | 2.5% | 1.1% 20/30 | Italy 8.3% | Switzerland 0.6% | 30 |
| Health share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 14.8% | 14.9% | 14.5% 16/30 | Ireland 22.9% | Switzerland 6.7% | 30 |
| Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.7% 17/30 | Iceland 6.5% | Cyprus 1.4% | 30 |
| Education share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 9.6% | 9.3% | 9.2% 26/30 | Switzerland 16.3% | Italy 7.3% | 30 |
| Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 39.2% | 39.9% | 40.8% 5/30 | Finland 45.8% | Iceland 23.7% | 30 |
| Business and activity | ||||||
| Active enterprises enterprises | 33,311,582 | 26,073,882 | 3,503,285 | France 5,382,659 | Iceland 45,954 | 33 |
| Enterprise birth rate % | 10.5% | 10.5% | 9.1% 23/33 | Lithuania 19.6% | Austria 6.2% | 33 |
| Enterprise death rate % | 8.1% | 8.0% | 7.8% 16/33 | Lithuania 12.6% | Albania 0.6% | 33 |
| R&D expenditure % of GDP | 2.25% | 2.28% | 1.49% 19/34 | Sweden 3.64% | Montenegro 0.34% | 34 |
| Labour market and productivity | ||||||
| Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force | 6.1% | 6.5% | 12.2% 32/34 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 13.2% | Czechia 2.6% | 34 |
| Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force | 2.1% | 2.4% | 4.3% 31/34 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.6% | Iceland 0.3% | 34 |
| Employed persons per inhabitant % of population | 48.4% | 48.5% | 44.4% 29/36 | Liechtenstein 105.3% | Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.5% | 36 |
| Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year | 778 | 755 | 731 29/32 | Luxembourg 1,122 | France 665 | 32 |
| Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 107.3 | 96.2 14/31 | Ireland 200.0 | Montenegro 38.7 | 31 |
| Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 103.7 | 98.4 14/32 | Ireland 205.7 | Serbia 45.7 | 32 |
| Real labour productivity per hour, annual change % | -0.8% | -1.3% | -0.3% 16/32 | Romania 4.6% | Estonia -6.2% | 32 |
| Nominal unit labour cost, annual change % | 6.9% | 6.5% | 5.9% 8/33 | Hungary 16.6% | Malta 2.6% | 33 |
| Hours worked per employed person hours per year | 1,608 | 1,555 | 1,646 18/32 | Montenegro 2,257 | Germany 1,342 | 32 |
| Compensation per employee € per year | 43,505 € | 47,277 € | 38,780 € 15/34 | Switzerland 101,430 € | Moldova 9,889 € | 34 |
| Compensation per hour worked € per hour | 28.2 € | 31.9 € | 24.4 € 15/31 | Switzerland 66.7 € | Montenegro 5.5 € | 31 |
| Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 104.6 | 100.1 11/31 | Luxembourg 152.7 | Montenegro 49.5 | 31 |
| Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 109.0 | 97.4 13/30 | Luxembourg 159.6 | Montenegro 34.3 | 30 |
| Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education % | 35.1% | 35.5% | 41.4% 15/34 | Ireland 54.5% | Bosnia and Herzegovina 16.9% | 34 |
| Households | ||||||
| Household saving rate % of disposable income | 13.6% | 14.1% | 11.4% 15/30 | Switzerland 22.0% | Romania -2.9% | 30 |
| Real household disposable income per capita, annual change % | 0.7% | 0.2% | 3.2% 7/30 | Türkiye 16.1% | Estonia -2.4% | 30 |
| Median equivalised income PPS | 19,903 PPS | 21,138 PPS | 19,021 PPS 17/34 | Luxembourg 34,777 PPS | Albania 6,174 PPS | 34 |
| Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100 | 29.6 | 29.8 | 31.5 22/33 | Türkiye 44.2 | Slovakia 21.6 | 33 |
| People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population | 21.3% | 21.7% | 26.5% 27/34 | Albania 42.1% | Czechia 12.0% | 34 |
| Housing cost overburden rate % of population | 8.8% | 8.9% | 8.2% 20/34 | Greece 28.5% | Albania 2.1% | 34 |
| Household debt (loans) % of GDP | 51.4% | 52.3% | 46.2% 18/32 | Switzerland 121.5% | Türkiye 10.6% | 32 |
| External sector and financing | ||||||
| Exports of goods M€ | — | — | 390,840 M€ | Germany 1,574,740 M€ | Malta 3,206 M€ | 27 |
| Trade balance in goods M€ | — | — | -43,763 M€ | Germany 206,405 M€ | France -126,780 M€ | 27 |
| Demography | ||||||
| Population on 1 January persons | 447,695,350 | 355,577,576 | 48,085,361 | Türkiye 85,279,553 | Liechtenstein 39,677 | 38 |
| Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants | 3.8 | 4.7 | 11.1 8/39 | Malta 38.7 | Albania -143.9 | 39 |
| Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants | 6.4 | 7.3 | 13.4 7/39 | Malta 37.9 | Albania -144.8 | 39 |
| Median age of population years | 44.5 | 45.0 | 45.3 7/38 | Italy 48.4 | Türkiye 33.5 | 38 |
| Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) % | 33.4% | 34.0% | 30.4% 17/38 | Finland 37.8% | Türkiye 14.5% | 38 |
| Life expectancy at birth years | 81.2 | 82.0 | 83.8 2/36 | Switzerland 84.1 | Moldova 71.7 | 36 |
| Public-sector efficiency | ||||||
| Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons | 14,150 | 11,446 | 1,663 | Germany 2,892 | Iceland 14 | 33 |
| Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons | 217,709 | 172,817 | 21,477 | Germany 45,909 | Iceland 218 | 33 |