Methodology and technical sheets

Each indicator has a sheet with Eurostat's official definition, the source dataset, its DOI, country coverage and how IPEF computes changes, ranks and trends.

Year-on-year change: difference from the same period a year earlier (in points for percentages, as a percentage (%) otherwise).
Rank: order among countries with data for the period; the EU27 and euro-area aggregates are not ranked. Ties share the same rank.
Trend: latest figure against the average of the previous periods (12 months, 8 quarters, 4 half-years or 5 years).
IPEF calculations on Eurostat data: changes, ranks and averages are computed among the countries with data for the period. The EU27 and euro-area aggregates are those published by Eurostat and are not ranked.

GDP and national accounts

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Nominal GDP (quarterly)	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	M€
Real GDP, year-on-year change (quarterly)	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	%
Real GDP, chain-linked volume (quarterly)	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	M€ (2020)
Nominal GDP (annual)	nama_10_gdp	Annual	M€
Real GDP growth (annual)	nama_10_gdp	Annual	%
GDP per capita	nama_10_pc	Annual	€ per inhabitant
Real GDP per capita	nama_10_pc	Annual	€ (2020) per inhabitant
Real GDP per capita, annual change	nama_10_pc	Annual	%
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards	nama_10_pc	Annual	PPS per inhabitant
GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27	nama_10_pc	Annual	index EU27 = 100
Household consumption, real year-on-year change	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	%
Government consumption, real year-on-year change	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	%
Gross fixed capital formation, real year-on-year change	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	%
Exports, real year-on-year change	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	%
Imports, real year-on-year change	namq_10_gdp	Quarterly	%
Industry share of the economy	nama_10_a10	Annual	% of GVA
Construction share of the economy	nama_10_a10	Annual	% of GVA
Services share of the economy	nama_10_a10	Annual	% of GVA
Public administration, education and health share of the economy	nama_10_a10	Annual	% of GVA

Prices

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Consumer price level (HICP)	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	index 2015 = 100
HICP, annual rate of change	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
Core HICP (excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco)	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP energy	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP food, alcohol and tobacco	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP services	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP non-energy industrial goods	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP alcoholic beverages and tobacco	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP clothing and footwear	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP furnishings and household equipment	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP health	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP information and communication	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP recreation, sport and culture	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP education services	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP insurance and financial services	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP personal care and miscellaneous goods and services	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP, annual average rate	prc_hicp_ainr	Annual	%
HICP electricity	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP natural gas	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP diesel	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
HICP petrol	prc_hicp_minr	Monthly	%
House prices	prc_hpi_q	Quarterly	index 2015 = 100
House prices, annual rate of change	prc_hpi_q	Quarterly	%
House sales, annual rate of change	prc_hpi_hsnq	Quarterly	%
Sales of newly built dwellings, annual rate of change	prc_hpi_hsnq	Quarterly	%
Sales of existing dwellings, annual rate of change	prc_hpi_hsnq	Quarterly	%
Household electricity price (2 500–4 999 kWh, taxes included)	nrg_pc_204	Half-yearly	€/kWh
Price level relative to the EU27	prc_ppp_ind_1	Annual	index EU27 = 100

Government

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+)	gov_10dd_edpt1	Annual	% of GDP
Government debt	gov_10dd_edpt1	Annual	% of GDP
Government debt, total amount	gov_10dd_edpt1	Annual	M€
Government debt (quarterly)	gov_10q_ggdebt	Quarterly	% of GDP
Government debt held by non-residents	gov_10dd_ggd	Annual	% of GDP
Government debt held by the central bank	gov_10dd_ggd	Annual	% of GDP
Government debt held by resident banks	gov_10dd_ggd	Annual	% of GDP
Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations	gov_10dd_ggd	Annual	% of GDP
Government debt held by households	gov_10dd_ggd	Annual	% of GDP
Average remaining maturity of government debt	gov_10dd_rmd	Annual	years
Net issuance of government debt securities	nasq_10_f_tr	Quarterly	% of GDP
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) (quarterly)	gov_10q_ggnfa	Quarterly	% of GDP
Total government revenue	gov_10a_main	Annual	% of GDP
Total government expenditure	gov_10a_main	Annual	% of GDP
Government interest payments	gov_10a_main	Annual	% of GDP
Apparent cost of government debt	gov_10dd_acd	Annual	%
Government investment (GFCF)	gov_10a_main	Annual	% of GDP
Tax burden (taxes and social contributions)	gov_10a_taxag	Annual	% of GDP
Taxes on income and wealth	gov_10a_taxag	Annual	% of GDP
VAT	gov_10a_taxag	Annual	% of GDP
Social contributions	gov_10a_taxag	Annual	% of GDP

Government expenditure by function (COFOG)

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
General public services expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Defence expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Health expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Education expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
Social protection expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	% of GDP
General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Health share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Education share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%
Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG)	gov_10a_exp	Annual	%

Business and activity

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Industrial production	sts_inpr_m	Monthly	index 2021 = 100
Retail trade, volume of sales	sts_trtu_m	Monthly	index 2021 = 100
Residential building permits (useful floor area)	sts_cobp_q	Quarterly	index 2021 = 100
Economic sentiment indicator	ei_bssi_m_r2	Monthly	index (average = 100)
Consumer confidence	ei_bsco_m	Monthly	balance
Industrial confidence	ei_bssi_m_r2	Monthly	balance
Active enterprises	bd_size	Annual	enterprises
Enterprise birth rate	bd_size	Annual	%
Enterprise death rate	bd_size	Annual	%
R&D expenditure	rd_e_gerdtot	Annual	% of GDP

Labour market and productivity

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Unemployment rate	une_rt_m	Monthly	% of labour force
Youth unemployment rate (under 25)	une_rt_m	Monthly	% of labour force
Unemployed persons	une_rt_m	Monthly	thousand persons
Unemployment rate (annual)	une_rt_a	Annual	% of labour force
Long-term unemployment rate	une_ltu_a	Annual	% of labour force
Employment rate (20–64)	lfsi_emp_q	Quarterly	% of population
Employed persons (15–74)	lfsi_emp_q	Quarterly	thousand persons
Employed persons per inhabitant	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	% of population
Hours worked per inhabitant	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	hours per year
Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	index EU27 = 100
Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	index EU27 = 100
Real labour productivity per hour, annual change	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	%
Nominal unit labour cost, annual change	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	%
Hours worked per employed person	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	hours per year
Compensation per employee	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	€ per year
Compensation per hour worked	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	€ per hour
Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	index EU27 = 100
Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100	nama_10_lp_ulc	Annual	index EU27 = 100
Labour costs (B–S)	lc_lci_r2_q	Quarterly	index 2020 = 100
Minimum wage	earn_mw_cur	Half-yearly	€ per month
Job vacancy rate (B–S)	jvs_q_nace2	Quarterly	%
Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education	edat_lfse_03	Annual	%

Households

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Household saving rate	nasa_10_ki	Annual	% of disposable income
Real household disposable income per capita, annual change	nasa_10_ki	Annual	%
Median equivalised income	ilc_di03	Annual	PPS
Gini coefficient of disposable income	ilc_di12	Annual	0–100
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE)	ilc_peps01n	Annual	% of population
Housing cost overburden rate	ilc_lvho07a	Annual	% of population
Household debt (loans)	nasa_10_f_bs	Annual	% of GDP

External sector and financing

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Current account balance	bop_gdp6_q	Quarterly	% of GDP
Goods balance	bop_gdp6_q	Quarterly	% of GDP
Services balance	bop_gdp6_q	Quarterly	% of GDP
Net international investment position	bop_gdp6_q	Quarterly	% of GDP
Net direct investment	bop_gdp6_q	Quarterly	% of GDP
Exports of goods	ext_lt_intratrd	Annual	M€
Trade balance in goods	ext_lt_intratrd	Annual	M€
10-year government bond yield	irt_lt_mcby_m	Monthly	%
Real effective exchange rate (42 partners, CPI-deflated)	ert_eff_ic_m	Monthly	index 2015 = 100

Demography

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Population on 1 January	demo_pjan	Annual	persons
Total population change	demo_gind	Annual	per 1,000 inhabitants
Net migration (including statistical adjustment)	demo_gind	Annual	per 1,000 inhabitants
Median age of population	demo_pjanind	Annual	years
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)	demo_pjanind	Annual	%
Life expectancy at birth	demo_mlexpec	Annual	years

Public-sector efficiency

Indicator	Eurostat	Frequency	Unit
Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O)	nama_10_a64_e	Annual	thousand persons
Total employment (national accounts)	nama_10_a64_e	Annual	thousand persons