Technical sheet: Government deficit (−) or surplus (+)
Definition, official source, coverage and calculation method of Government deficit (−) or surplus (+). Country ranking →
Source: Eurostat (gov_10dd_edpt1), retrieved 2026-10-16 · View on Eurostat
What it measures
| Indicator | Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) |
|---|---|
| Unit | % of GDP |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Access | Free |
Official Eurostat definition
| Dataset | Government deficit/surplus, debt and associated data (gov_10dd_edpt1) |
|---|---|
| Time frequency | Annual |
| Unit of measure | Percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) |
| Sector | General government |
| National accounts indicator (ESA 2010) | Net lending (+)/net borrowing (-) |
| Permanent identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.2908/GOV_10DD_EDPT1 |
| Eurostat explanatory notes | Explanatory texts (metadata) |
| Last dataset update at Eurostat | 2026-04-22 |
How to read it
A higher value indicates a more favourable situation.
Coverage
| Countries with data | 27 ·                            |
|---|---|
| First period available | 1995 |
| Latest period published | 2025 |
| Ranking reference period | 2025 Latest period for which at least 60% of the countries that publish the indicator have released data, so the ranking is not built on a few early countries. |
IPEF calculations
- Year-on-year change: difference from the same period a year earlier (in points for percentages, as a percentage (%) otherwise).
- Rank: order among countries with data for the period; the EU27 and euro-area aggregates are not ranked. Ties share the same rank.
- Trend: latest figure against the average of the previous periods (12 months, 8 quarters, 4 half-years or 5 years).
- IPEF calculations on Eurostat data: changes, ranks and averages are computed among the countries with data for the period. The EU27 and euro-area aggregates are those published by Eurostat and are not ranked.