Government debt held by the central bank i
28 countries with data for 2025 · Frequency: Annual · Unit: % of GDP · Basic
Source: Eurostat (gov_10dd_ggd), retrieved 2026-10-17 · View on Eurostat · See technical sheet
EU27—
Euro area—
Spain20.5% 2 of 28
Simple average8.4%
Highest · 
Italy25.4%
Italy25.4%Lowest · 
Denmark0.0%
Denmark0.0%Trend
Add or remove countries from the legend. Eurostat data, not seasonally adjusted unless stated.
Country ranking
| # | Country | Value | Year-on-year change | EU27 rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Italy | 25.4% | -3.8 pp | 1/27 |
| 2 |  Spain | 20.5% | -3.9 pp | 2/27 |
| 3 |  Portugal | 19.6% | -3.2 pp | 3/27 |
| 4 |  France | 19.1% | -2.6 pp | 4/27 |
| 5 |  Slovenia | 18.6% | -2.2 pp | 5/27 |
| 6 |  Belgium | 16.1% | -1.9 pp | 6/27 |
| 7 |  Finland | 14.7% | -2.9 pp | 7/27 |
| 8 |  Greece | 14.6% | -1.0 pp | 8/27 |
| 9 |  Austria | 14.4% | -2.2 pp | 9/27 |
| 10 |  Germany | 12.4% | -2.2 pp | 10/27 |
| 11 |  Slovakia | 11.0% | -2.2 pp | 11/27 |
| 12 |  Netherlands | 9.1% | -1.6 pp | 12/27 |
| 13 |  Ireland | 7.7% | -1.8 pp | 13/27 |
| 14 |  Malta | 7.5% | -0.4 pp | 14/27 |
| 15 |  Latvia | 7.3% | -1.5 pp | 15/27 |
| 16 |  Lithuania | 6.3% | -1.4 pp | 16/27 |
| 17 |  Hungary | 2.6% | -0.3 pp | 17/27 |
| 18 |  Poland | 2.5% | -0.9 pp | 18/27 |
| 19 |  Croatia | 1.6% | -0.5 pp | 19/27 |
| 20 |  Sweden | 1.3% | -1.9 pp | 20/27 |
| 21 |  Estonia | 0.6% | 0.0 pp | 21/27 |
| 22 |  Cyprus | 0.5% | 0.0 pp | 22/27 |
| 23 |  Luxembourg | 0.4% | 0.0 pp | 23/27 |
| 24 |  Romania | 0.1% | -0.1 pp | 24/27 |
| 25 | Denmark | 0.0% | 0.0 pp | 25/27 |
| 25 |  Czechia | 0.0% | 0.0 pp | 25/27 |
| 25 |  Bulgaria | 0.0% | 0.0 pp | 25/27 |
| 25 |  Norway | 0.0% | 0.0 pp | — |
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About this indicator
- Which European country has the highest government debt held by the central bank?
- Italy, with 25.4% in 2025.
- Where does Spain rank?
- Spain: 20.5% in 2025, rank 2 of 28 countries.
- What does government debt held by the central bank measure?
- Government debt held by the central bank, in % of GDP. Descriptive indicator: a higher or lower value is not better in itself; the ranking orders from highest to lowest.
- Where does the government debt held by the central bank data come from?
- Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd («General government debt»). RAC-EU downloads it from Eurostat's official API and checks it every day.
- How often is government debt held by the central bank updated?
- Annual. The latest period published is 2025; RAC-EU adds new data and revisions on the day Eurostat publishes them.
The full series since 1995, the chart and the analysis are in the Basic plan. See plans · Full methodology sheet →