Europe Radar · Annual close · 2022
86 annual indicators with 2022 data for most countries.
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Key points
- GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27: The EU-27 stands at 100 (0.0% on a year earlier). Spain, 88, ranking 18 of 35. The highest value is Luxembourg (250) and the lowest Albania (33).
- Government deficit (−) or surplus (+): The EU-27 stands at -3.2% (+1.4 pp on a year earlier). Spain, -4.6%, ranking 21 of 27. The highest value is Denmark (3.4%) and the lowest Italy (-8.1%).
- Government debt: The EU-27 stands at 82.4% (-4.3 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 109.3%, ranking 23 of 27. The highest value is Greece (177.8%) and the lowest Estonia (19.2%).
- Nominal GDP (annual): The EU-27 stands at 16,194,129 M€ (+9.2% on a year earlier). Spain, 1,375,863 M€. The highest value is Germany (4,010,630 M€) and the lowest Montenegro (5,944 M€).
- Real GDP growth (annual): The EU-27 stands at 3.6% (-2.8 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 6.4%, ranking 7 of 37. The highest value is Iceland (8.9%) and the lowest Ukraine (-28.8%).
- GDP per capita: The EU-27 stands at 36,180 € (+8.6% on a year earlier). Spain, 28,790 €, ranking 18 of 38. The highest value is Liechtenstein (174,440 €) and the lowest Moldova (5,450 €).
- Real GDP per capita: The EU-27 stands at 33,490 € (+2.9% on a year earlier). Spain, 26,820 €, ranking 17 of 37. The highest value is Luxembourg (104,100 €) and the lowest Moldova (4,340 €).
- Real GDP per capita, annual change: The EU-27 stands at 2.9% (-3.6 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 5.4%, ranking 9 of 36. The highest value is Montenegro (8.0%) and the lowest Luxembourg (-3.2%).
All indicators
| Indicator | EU-27 | Euro area | Spain | Highest | Lowest | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP and national accounts | ||||||
| Nominal GDP (annual) M€ | 16,194,129 M€ | 13,868,358 M€ | 1,375,863 M€ | Germany 4,010,630 M€ | Montenegro 5,944 M€ | 39 |
| Real GDP growth (annual) % | 3.6% | 3.7% | 6.4% 7/37 | Iceland 8.9% | Ukraine -28.8% | 37 |
| GDP per capita € per inhabitant | 36,180 € | 39,190 € | 28,790 € 18/38 | Liechtenstein 174,440 € | Moldova 5,450 € | 38 |
| Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant | 33,490 € | 36,490 € | 26,820 € 17/37 | Luxembourg 104,100 € | Moldova 4,340 € | 37 |
| Real GDP per capita, annual change % | 2.9% | 3.2% | 5.4% 9/36 | Montenegro 8.0% | Luxembourg -3.2% | 36 |
| GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant | 36,185 PPS | 37,603 PPS | 31,781 PPS 18/35 | Luxembourg 90,395 PPS | Albania 12,067 PPS | 35 |
| GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100 | 104 | 88 18/35 | Luxembourg 250 | Albania 33 | 35 |
| Industry share of the economy % of GVA | 19.9% | 19.5% | 17.4% 27/39 | Norway 47.0% | Luxembourg 5.5% | 39 |
| Construction share of the economy % of GVA | 5.4% | 5.2% | 5.8% 16/39 | Albania 13.9% | Ukraine 1.5% | 39 |
| Services share of the economy % of GVA | 72.8% | 73.5% | 74.1% 11/39 | Luxembourg 89.7% | Norway 46.8% | 39 |
| Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA | 18.4% | 18.7% | 17.6% 18/39 | Ukraine 32.6% | Ireland 8.7% | 39 |
| Prices | ||||||
| HICP, annual average rate % | 9.2% | 8.4% | 8.3% 13/35 | Türkiye 72.3% | Switzerland 2.7% | 35 |
| Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 104.2 | 90.6 17/36 | Switzerland 153.9 | Türkiye 42.4 | 36 |
| Government | ||||||
| Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP | -3.2% | -3.4% | -4.6% 21/27 | Denmark 3.4% | Italy -8.1% | 27 |
| Government debt % of GDP | 82.4% | 88.9% | 109.3% 23/27 | Greece 177.8% | Estonia 19.2% | 27 |
| Government debt, total amount M€ | 13,316,983 M€ | 12,306,387 M€ | 1,504,105 M€ | France 2,955,639 M€ | Estonia 6,965 M€ | 27 |
| Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP | — | — | 45.5% 7/28 | Greece 131.6% | Sweden 6.0% | 28 |
| Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP | — | — | 31.0% 2/28 | Italy 36.1% | Bulgaria 0.0% | 28 |
| Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP | — | — | 22.2% 2/27 | Italy 33.3% | Ireland 2.6% | 27 |
| Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP | — | — | 10.2% 5/27 | Croatia 20.8% | Cyprus 0.0% | 27 |
| Government debt held by households % of GDP | — | — | 0.2% 12/18 | Hungary 15.7% | Slovakia 0.0% | 18 |
| Average remaining maturity of government debt years | — | — | 8.0 11/24 | Greece 19.7 | Sweden 3.4 | 24 |
| Total government revenue % of GDP | 46.0% | 46.4% | 41.7% 18/30 | Norway 61.6% | Ireland 22.3% | 30 |
| Total government expenditure % of GDP | 49.2% | 49.8% | 46.3% 11/30 | France 58.4% | Ireland 20.6% | 30 |
| Government interest payments % of GDP | 1.60% | 1.70% | 2.30% 26/30 | Iceland 5.90% | Estonia 0.10% | 30 |
| Apparent cost of government debt % | — | — | 2.2% 20/25 | Romania 3.4% | Luxembourg 0.7% | 25 |
| Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP | 3.30% | 3.10% | 2.70% 24/30 | Slovenia 5.50% | Ireland 2.00% | 30 |
| Tax burden (taxes and social contributions) % of GDP | 40.7% | 41.3% | 37.4% 15/30 | France 47.7% | Ireland 21.1% | 30 |
| Taxes on income and wealth % of GDP | 13.2% | 13.2% | 12.0% 15/30 | Denmark 27.7% | Bulgaria 6.2% | 30 |
| VAT % of GDP | 7.4% | 7.3% | 6.8% 24/30 | Croatia 13.2% | Switzerland 3.1% | 30 |
| Social contributions % of GDP | 13.7% | 14.5% | 13.1% 10/30 | Germany 16.7% | Denmark 0.7% | 30 |
| Government expenditure by function (COFOG) | ||||||
| General public services expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 5.8% | 5.9% | 5.7% 9/30 | Iceland 9.2% | Ireland 1.9% | 30 |
| Defence expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% 19/30 | Greece 2.6% | Iceland 0.2% | 30 |
| Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.9% 9/30 | Romania 2.6% | Ireland 0.7% | 30 |
| Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 6.0% | 6.0% | 5.6% 15/30 | Hungary 10.5% | Ireland 2.0% | 30 |
| Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% 4/30 | Netherlands 1.4% | Finland 0.2% | 30 |
| Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% 15/30 | Italy 3.3% | Denmark 0.1% | 30 |
| Health expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 7.5% | 7.7% | 6.8% 16/30 | Austria 9.4% | Switzerland 2.2% | 30 |
| Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2% 14/30 | Iceland 3.0% | Ireland 0.4% | 30 |
| Education expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 4.6% | 4.5% | 4.3% 23/30 | Sweden 7.2% | Ireland 2.5% | 30 |
| Social protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP | 19.3% | 19.8% | 18.3% 11/30 | France 23.8% | Ireland 7.4% | 30 |
| General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 11.9% | 11.9% | 12.2% 13/30 | Iceland 20.0% | Latvia 8.1% | 30 |
| Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.4% 16/30 | Estonia 5.5% | Iceland 0.4% | 30 |
| Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 3.4% | 3.3% | 4.0% 12/30 | Romania 6.3% | Denmark 2.0% | 30 |
| Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 12.2% | 12.0% | 12.1% 17/30 | Malta 22.4% | Denmark 6.7% | 30 |
| Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 1.6% | 1.6% | 2.1% 5/30 | Netherlands 3.2% | Finland 0.4% | 30 |
| Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.0% 20/30 | Italy 6.0% | Denmark 0.3% | 30 |
| Health share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 15.4% | 15.5% | 14.6% 17/30 | Ireland 22.5% | Switzerland 7.1% | 30 |
| Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 2.3% | 2.2% | 2.7% 15/30 | Iceland 6.6% | Bulgaria 1.5% | 30 |
| Education share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 9.4% | 9.1% | 9.2% 23/30 | Switzerland 15.8% | Italy 7.3% | 30 |
| Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) % | 39.3% | 39.7% | 39.6% 8/30 | Finland 45.3% | Iceland 23.3% | 30 |
| Business and activity | ||||||
| Active enterprises enterprises | 32,591,380 | 25,455,400 | 3,487,503 | France 5,202,687 | Iceland 44,981 | 33 |
| Enterprise birth rate % | 10.5% | 10.5% | 8.6% 29/33 | Lithuania 18.3% | Austria 6.2% | 33 |
| Enterprise death rate % | 8.1% | 7.7% | 8.6% 19/33 | Hungary 15.5% | Albania 0.5% | 33 |
| R&D expenditure % of GDP | 2.22% | 2.24% | 1.40% 19/34 | Sweden 3.50% | Albania 0.20% | 34 |
| Labour market and productivity | ||||||
| Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force | 6.2% | 6.7% | 13.0% 32/34 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 15.4% | Czechia 2.2% | 34 |
| Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force | 2.4% | 2.7% | 5.1% 31/34 | North Macedonia 12.0% | Denmark 0.5% | 34 |
| Employed persons per inhabitant % of population | 48.0% | 48.1% | 43.6% 29/36 | Liechtenstein 105.1% | Bosnia and Herzegovina 28.9% | 36 |
| Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year | 773 | 747 | 721 29/32 | Luxembourg 1,126 | France 660 | 32 |
| Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 107.6 | 94.2 14/31 | Norway 226.8 | Montenegro 37.9 | 31 |
| Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 103.8 | 96.8 14/32 | Ireland 228.8 | Serbia 42.2 | 32 |
| Real labour productivity per hour, annual change % | 0.4% | -0.1% | 1.2% 11/32 | Croatia 6.0% | Montenegro -11.2% | 32 |
| Nominal unit labour cost, annual change % | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.1% 4/33 | Lithuania 15.9% | Greece 0.0% | 33 |
| Hours worked per employed person hours per year | 1,609 | 1,553 | 1,654 16/32 | Montenegro 2,300 | Germany 1,348 | 32 |
| Compensation per employee € per year | 41,052 € | 44,877 € | 36,890 € 15/34 | Switzerland 96,789 € | Moldova 8,515 € | 34 |
| Compensation per hour worked € per hour | 26.6 € | 30.4 € | 23.2 € 15/31 | Switzerland 63.2 € | Montenegro 4.8 € | 31 |
| Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 104.9 | 99.2 13/31 | Luxembourg 150.2 | Montenegro 48.7 | 31 |
| Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 109.6 | 96.1 14/30 | Luxembourg 156.4 | Montenegro 32.9 | 30 |
| Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education % | 34.2% | 34.8% | 40.7% 15/34 | Ireland 53.7% | Bosnia and Herzegovina 16.4% | 34 |
| Households | ||||||
| Household saving rate % of disposable income | 12.7% | 13.4% | 9.0% 19/32 | Switzerland 22.3% | Romania -7.6% | 32 |
| Real household disposable income per capita, annual change % | 0.4% | -0.1% | -2.0% 27/32 | Türkiye 11.9% | Lithuania -3.9% | 32 |
| Median equivalised income PPS | 18,714 PPS | 19,973 PPS | 17,254 PPS 17/34 | Luxembourg 33,214 PPS | Albania 5,098 PPS | 34 |
| Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100 | 29.6 | 29.9 | 32.0 26/34 | Türkiye 45.3 | Slovakia 21.2 | 34 |
| People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population | 21.6% | 22.0% | 26.0% 25/34 | Albania 44.5% | Czechia 11.8% | 34 |
| Housing cost overburden rate % of population | 8.7% | 8.9% | 9.2% 25/34 | Greece 26.7% | Slovakia 2.5% | 34 |
| Household debt (loans) % of GDP | 54.6% | 55.7% | 51.4% 19/33 | Switzerland 121.9% | Türkiye 10.6% | 33 |
| External sector and financing | ||||||
| Exports of goods M€ | — | — | 394,897 M€ | Germany 1,593,593 M€ | Malta 3,102 M€ | 27 |
| Trade balance in goods M€ | — | — | -74,954 M€ | Germany 87,620 M€ | France -193,144 M€ | 27 |
| Demography | ||||||
| Population on 1 January persons | 445,972,024 | 353,792,653 | 47,486,843 | Türkiye 84,680,273 | Liechtenstein 39,308 | 39 |
| Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants | 4.2 | 4.2 | 12.5 12/39 | Malta 41.2 | Serbia -23.2 | 39 |
| Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants | 7.1 | 7.0 | 15.3 11/39 | Malta 41.0 | Moldova -17.0 | 39 |
| Median age of population years | 44.4 | 44.9 | 45.1 7/38 | Italy 48.0 | Iceland 36.7 | 38 |
| Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) % | 33.1% | 33.7% | 30.2% 18/38 | Bulgaria 37.5% | Luxembourg 21.3% | 38 |
| Life expectancy at birth years | 80.6 | 81.4 | 83.1 3/36 | Liechtenstein 83.6 | Moldova 70.9 | 36 |
| Public-sector efficiency | ||||||
| Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons | 14,010 | 11,314 | 1,648 | Germany 2,854 | Liechtenstein 2 | 35 |
| Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons | 214,989 | 170,227 | 20,828 | Germany 45,622 | Liechtenstein 43 | 35 |