Europe Radar · Annual close · 2025
55 annual indicators with 2025 data for most countries.
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Key points
- GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27: The EU-27 stands at 100 (0.0% on a year earlier). Spain, 92, ranking 17 of 33. The highest value is Luxembourg (244) and the lowest Bosnia and Herzegovina (37).
- Government deficit (−) or surplus (+): The EU-27 stands at -3.1% (0.0 pp on a year earlier). Spain, -2.4%, ranking 13 of 27. The highest value is Cyprus (3.4%) and the lowest Romania (-7.9%).
- Government debt: The EU-27 stands at 81.7% (+1.0 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 100.7%, ranking 23 of 27. The highest value is Greece (146.1%) and the lowest Estonia (24.1%).
- Nominal GDP (annual): The EU-27 stands at 18,856,105 M€ (+4.2% on a year earlier). Spain, 1,690,012 M€. The highest value is Germany (4,529,710 M€) and the lowest Montenegro (8,269 M€).
- Real GDP growth (annual): The EU-27 stands at 1.4% (+0.1 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 2.6%, ranking 11 of 35. The highest value is Ireland (8.0%) and the lowest North Macedonia (-3.3%).
- GDP per capita: The EU-27 stands at 41,700 € (+4.0% on a year earlier). Spain, 34,240 €, ranking 17 of 35. The highest value is Luxembourg (132,950 €) and the lowest Moldova (7,590 €).
- Real GDP per capita: The EU-27 stands at 34,200 € (+1.2% on a year earlier). Spain, 28,260 €, ranking 17 of 35. The highest value is Luxembourg (102,840 €) and the lowest Moldova (4,800 €).
- Real GDP per capita, annual change: The EU-27 stands at 1.2% (+0.2 pp on a year earlier). Spain, 1.6%, ranking 15 of 34. The highest value is Ireland (6.3%) and the lowest North Macedonia (-3.1%).
All indicators
| Indicator | EU-27 | Euro area | Spain | Highest | Lowest | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDP and national accounts | ||||||
| Nominal GDP (annual) M€ | 18,856,105 M€ | 15,968,854 M€ | 1,690,012 M€ | Germany 4,529,710 M€ | Montenegro 8,269 M€ | 37 |
| Real GDP growth (annual) % | 1.4% | 1.2% | 2.6% 11/35 | Ireland 8.0% | North Macedonia -3.3% | 35 |
| GDP per capita € per inhabitant | 41,700 € | 44,520 € | 34,240 € 17/35 | Luxembourg 132,950 € | Moldova 7,590 € | 35 |
| Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant | 34,200 € | 37,030 € | 28,260 € 17/35 | Luxembourg 102,840 € | Moldova 4,800 € | 35 |
| Real GDP per capita, annual change % | 1.2% | 0.9% | 1.6% 15/34 | Ireland 6.3% | North Macedonia -3.1% | 34 |
| GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant | 41,699 PPS | 43,028 PPS | 38,162 PPS 17/33 | Luxembourg 101,645 PPS | Bosnia and Herzegovina 15,599 PPS | 33 |
| GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100 | 103 | 92 17/33 | Luxembourg 244 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 37 | 33 |
| Industry share of the economy % of GVA | 19.0% | 18.7% | 15.4% 24/37 | Norway 32.7% | Luxembourg 5.8% | 37 |
| Construction share of the economy % of GVA | 5.6% | 5.4% | 5.9% 17/37 | Albania 14.6% | Greece 2.5% | 37 |
| Services share of the economy % of GVA | 73.6% | 74.2% | 75.6% 10/37 | Luxembourg 89.2% | Albania 56.9% | 37 |
| Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA | 18.9% | 19.2% | 17.2% 25/37 | Belgium 22.3% | Ireland 9.6% | 37 |
| Prices | ||||||
| HICP, annual average rate % | 2.5% | 2.1% | 2.7% 16/35 | Türkiye 34.9% | Switzerland 0.1% | 35 |
| Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 103.5 | 89.7 18/36 | Iceland 164.4 | North Macedonia 52.2 | 36 |
| Government | ||||||
| Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP | -3.1% | -2.9% | -2.4% 13/27 | Cyprus 3.4% | Romania -7.9% | 27 |
| Government debt % of GDP | 81.7% | 87.4% | 100.7% 23/27 | Greece 146.1% | Estonia 24.1% | 27 |
| Government debt, total amount M€ | 15,374,367 M€ | 13,945,708 M€ | 1,698,225 M€ | France 3,460,465 M€ | Estonia 10,035 M€ | 27 |
| Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP | — | — | 49.3% 6/28 | Greece 103.5% | Sweden 8.1% | 28 |
| Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP | — | — | 20.5% 2/28 | Italy 25.4% | Norway 0.0% | 28 |
| Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP | — | — | 20.3% 4/27 | Italy 27.4% | Latvia 2.1% | 27 |
| Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP | — | — | 8.9% 8/27 | Italy 17.4% | Cyprus 0.0% | 27 |
| Government debt held by households % of GDP | — | — | 1.3% 10/18 | Italy 16.2% | Netherlands 0.1% | 18 |
| Average remaining maturity of government debt years | — | — | 8.1 9/24 | Greece 18.4 | Sweden 3.0 | 24 |
| Total government revenue % of GDP | 46.4% | 46.8% | 42.9% 21/29 | Norway 60.0% | Ireland 22.8% | 29 |
| Total government expenditure % of GDP | 49.5% | 49.8% | 45.3% 19/29 | Finland 57.7% | Ireland 21.0% | 29 |
| Government interest payments % of GDP | 1.90% | 1.90% | 2.40% 23/29 | Iceland 4.30% | Luxembourg 0.30% | 29 |
| Apparent cost of government debt % | — | — | 2.6% 16/25 | Romania 5.2% | Ireland 1.4% | 25 |
| Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP | 3.90% | 3.60% | 2.90% 28/29 | Estonia 6.70% | Ireland 2.60% | 29 |
| Labour market and productivity | ||||||
| Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force | 6.0% | 6.4% | 10.5% 32/34 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 12.2% | Czechia 2.8% | 34 |
| Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force | 1.9% | 2.1% | 3.4% 29/34 | Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.1% | Netherlands 0.5% | 34 |
| Employed persons per inhabitant % of population | 48.8% | 49.0% | 46.0% 26/33 | Luxembourg 76.0% | Bosnia and Herzegovina 30.1% | 33 |
| Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year | 782 | 761 | 751 25/32 | Luxembourg 1,108 | France 666 | 32 |
| Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 106.1 | 95.3 14/31 | Ireland 207.6 | Montenegro 39.3 | 31 |
| Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 102.7 | 97.0 14/31 | Ireland 212.1 | Serbia 51.0 | 31 |
| Real labour productivity per hour, annual change % | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.6% 25/32 | Ireland 6.2% | Italy -0.5% | 32 |
| Nominal unit labour cost, annual change % | 3.3% | 3.3% | 4.4% 21/33 | Bulgaria 9.4% | Ireland -3.0% | 33 |
| Hours worked per employed person hours per year | 1,604 | 1,553 | 1,633 17/32 | Montenegro 2,187 | Germany 1,336 | 32 |
| Compensation per employee € per year | 47,765 € | 51,330 € | 41,981 € 16/33 | Switzerland 108,597 € | Montenegro 14,215 € | 33 |
| Compensation per hour worked € per hour | 30.9 € | 34.6 € | 26.7 € 15/31 | Switzerland 72.0 € | Montenegro 6.5 € | 31 |
| Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 103.9 | 98.0 13/31 | Luxembourg 146.4 | Montenegro 51.2 | 31 |
| Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100 | 100.0 | 108.1 | 96.1 13/30 | Luxembourg 153.5 | Montenegro 36.3 | 30 |
| Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education % | 36.9% | 37.4% | 42.4% 14/34 | Ireland 58.7% | Bosnia and Herzegovina 18.4% | 34 |
| Households | ||||||
| Median equivalised income PPS | 22,638 PPS | 23,772 PPS | 22,408 PPS 16/30 | Luxembourg 37,673 PPS | Türkiye 11,403 PPS | 30 |
| Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100 | 29.2 | 29.9 | 30.8 20/30 | Türkiye 43.9 | Slovakia 23.0 | 30 |
| People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population | 20.9% | 21.6% | 25.7% 25/30 | Türkiye 29.8% | Czechia 11.5% | 30 |
| Housing cost overburden rate % of population | 7.7% | 7.8% | 7.2% 20/30 | Greece 26.4% | Cyprus 2.4% | 30 |
| Household debt (loans) % of GDP | 49.3% | 50.4% | 42.9% 16/31 | Switzerland 123.0% | Türkiye 10.0% | 31 |
| External sector and financing | ||||||
| Exports of goods M€ | — | — | 394,380 M€ | Germany 1,563,449 M€ | Malta 3,458 M€ | 27 |
| Trade balance in goods M€ | — | — | -66,378 M€ | Germany 201,620 M€ | France -93,965 M€ | 27 |
| Demography | ||||||
| Population on 1 January persons | 450,646,971 | 358,076,879 | 49,128,297 | Türkiye 85,664,944 | Liechtenstein 40,886 | 38 |
| Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants | 1.6 | 2.4 | 9.4 7/39 | Georgia 61.9 | Moldova -20.9 | 39 |
| Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants | 4.6 | 5.2 | 11.8 3/39 | Georgia 63.6 | Moldova -16.7 | 39 |
| Median age of population years | 44.9 | 45.3 | 45.8 5/38 | Italy 49.1 | Türkiye 34.4 | 38 |
| Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) % | 34.5% | 35.0% | 31.2% 15/38 | Italy 39.0% | Türkiye 15.5% | 38 |
| Public-sector efficiency | ||||||
| Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons | — | — | 1,745 | Germany 2,969 | Iceland 15 | 26 |
| Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons | — | — | 22,702 | Germany 45,878 | Iceland 223 | 26 |