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Italy

EU member state In the euro area Population: 58.94 M (2025)

Source: Eurostat, data retrieved 2026-10-17; each indicator links to its dataset · Methodology and technical sheets

Economic situation

Italy: real GDP grew 1.3% year on year (Q2 2026); previous quarter: 0.8%; EU27: 1.5%. Harmonised inflation (HICP) stands at 4.2% (09/2026), above the EU27 average (3.8%); core inflation, excluding energy and food, is 1.9%. The unemployment rate stands at 6.4% (08/2026), up 1.2 percentage points on a year earlier; the EU27 rate is 6.2%. In 2025, general government recorded a deficit of 3.1% of GDP and public debt reached 137.1% of GDP (Treaty reference values: 3% and 60%). The current account shows a deficit of 0.1% of GDP (Q2 2026). Its best European position is in "HICP recreation, sport and culture" (4 of 36) and its worst in "Real labour productivity per hour, annual change" (32 of 32).

Key indicators

GDP growth1.3%Q2 2026+1.0 pp year on year25 of 34 in EuropeInflation (HICP)4.2%09/2026+2.5 pp year on year22 of 36 in EuropeUnemployment rate6.4%08/2026+1.2 pp year on year19 of 30 in EuropeEmployment rate (20–64)68.6%Q2 2026+0.9 pp year on year31 of 34 in EuropeGovernment balance (% GDP)-3.1%2025+0.3 pp year on year18 of 27 in EuropePublic debt (% GDP)137.1%2025+2.4 pp year on year26 of 27 in EuropeCurrent account (% GDP)-0.1%Q2 2026-1.4 pp year on year14 of 32 in EuropeGDP per capita (EU = 100)962025 p-1.7% year on year15 of 33 in Europe

Trends

Activity: GDP, consumption and investment (real year-on-year change, %)
Prices: headline and core inflation (HICP, %)
Labour: total and youth unemployment (%)
Government balance (% of GDP)
Public debt (% of GDP)
External sector: current account, goods and services (% of GDP)
Economic sentiment (long-term average = 100)
Government expenditure by function (COFOG) →What Italy spends on: 10 functions and 69 sub-functions compared with the EU27, and the split by level of government.Regions of Italy →133 regions with indicators on population, GDP, jobs, income and well-being (NUTS 1: 5 · NUTS 2: 21 · NUTS 3: 107).
Regional competitiveness (RCI) →Italy's 21 regions in the Commission's index: institutions, infrastructure, labour market, innovation…Regional social progress (EU-SPI) →Italy's 21 regions: basic needs, foundations of wellbeing and opportunity

All indicators

140 indicators for Italy. Its NUTS 1, 2 and 3 regions, with their own indicators, are on the country's regions page.

GDP and national accounts

19
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Nominal GDP (quarterly) M€Q2 2026571,663 M€+2.5%3 of 35
Real GDP, year-on-year change (quarterly) %Q2 20261.3%+1.0 pp25 of 34
Real GDP, chain-linked volume (quarterly) M€ (2020)Q2 2026495,014 M€+1.3%3 of 35
Nominal GDP (annual) M€20252,265,002 M€+2.5%3 of 37
Real GDP growth (annual) %20250.6%-0.5 pp33 of 35
GDP per capita € per inhabitant2025 p38,430 €+2.5%15 of 35
Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant2025 p33,260 €+0.6%15 of 35
Real GDP per capita, annual change %2025 p0.6%-0.5 pp24 of 34
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant2025 p40,075 PPS+2.2%15 of 33
GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 1002025 p96-1.7%15 of 33
Household consumption, real year-on-year change %Q2 20261.1%-0.1 pp23 of 34
Government consumption, real year-on-year change %Q2 20260.5%+0.2 pp28 of 34
Gross fixed capital formation, real year-on-year change %Q2 20263.8%+0.8 pp18 of 33
Exports, real year-on-year change %Q2 20265.5%+5.5 pp10 of 34
Imports, real year-on-year change %Q2 20265.4%+2.5 pp11 of 34
Industry share of the economy % of GVA202519.7%-0.1 pp17 of 37
Construction share of the economy % of GVA20255.9%+0.1 pp17 of 37
Services share of the economy % of GVA202572.1%-0.0 pp19 of 37
Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA202515.6%-0.1 pp30 of 37

Prices

25
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Consumer price level (HICP) index 2015 = 10009/2026130.30+4.1%29 of 36
HICP, annual rate of change %09/20264.2%+2.5 pp22 of 36
Core HICP (excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) %09/20261.9%-0.2 pp6 of 36
HICP energy %09/202622.6%+26.3 pp31 of 36
HICP food, alcohol and tobacco %09/20261.9%-1.6 pp21 of 36
HICP services %09/2026 e2.5%-0.4 pp5 of 36
HICP non-energy industrial goods %09/2026 e0.6%-0.2 pp14 of 36
HICP alcoholic beverages and tobacco %09/20262.3%+0.4 pp10 of 36
HICP clothing and footwear %09/20260.0%-2.0 pp18 of 36
HICP furnishings and household equipment %09/20261.1%+0.5 pp22 of 36
HICP health %09/20261.3%-1.4 pp5 of 36
HICP information and communication %09/20261.7%+5.8 pp17 of 36
HICP recreation, sport and culture %09/20261.3%-0.9 pp4 of 36
HICP education services %09/20261.4%-1.7 pp8 of 36
HICP insurance and financial services %09/20261.9%-2.3 pp9 of 36
HICP personal care and miscellaneous goods and services %09/20262.7%-0.2 pp14 of 36
HICP, annual average rate %20251.6%+0.5 pp4 of 35
HICP electricity %09/202620.4%+26.2 pp32 of 34
HICP natural gas %09/202620.7%+26.7 pp24 of 29
HICP diesel %09/202634.8%+35.2 pp13 of 35
HICP petrol %09/202621.8%+24.8 pp14 of 35
House prices index 2015 = 100Q2 2026 p121.0+4.0%27 of 28
House prices, annual rate of change %Q2 2026 p4.0%+0.1 pp22 of 29
Household electricity price (2 500–4 999 kWh, taxes included) €/kWhH1 20260.3142 €/kWh-4.5%32 of 36
Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100202595.9+0.3%14 of 36

Government

21
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP2025-3.1%+0.3 pp18 of 27
Government debt % of GDP2025137.1%+2.4 pp26 of 27
Government debt, total amount M€20253,095,888 M€+4.3%26 of 27
Government debt (quarterly) % of GDPQ1 2026 p138.9%+1.6 pp27 of 28
Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP2025 p47.1%+5.5 pp8 of 28
Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP2025 p25.4%-3.8 pp1 of 28
Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP2025 p27.4%+0.3 pp1 of 27
Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP2025 p17.4%-0.5 pp1 of 27
Government debt held by households % of GDP2025 p16.2%+0.7 pp1 of 18
Average remaining maturity of government debt years2025 p7.90.0%10 of 24
Net issuance of government debt securities % of GDPQ1 20266.0%-1.2 pp14 of 27
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) (quarterly) % of GDPQ1 2026 p-7.8%+0.6 pp27 of 30
Total government revenue % of GDP202548.1%+1.1 pp9 of 29
Total government expenditure % of GDP202551.2%+0.8 pp5 of 29
Government interest payments % of GDP20253.90%0.00 pp28 of 29
Apparent cost of government debt %2025 p3.0%0.0 pp22 of 25
Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP20253.80%+0.20 pp19 of 29
Tax burden (taxes and social contributions) % of GDP202543.2%+0.7 pp3 of 9
Taxes on income and wealth % of GDP202515.3%-0.3 pp6 of 9
VAT % of GDP20256.7%+0.1 pp7 of 9
Social contributions % of GDP202513.5%+0.9 pp3 of 9

Government expenditure by function (COFOG)

20
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
General public services expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20247.7%+0.3 pp3 of 30
Defence expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.3%+0.1 pp19 of 30
Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.8%+0.1 pp9 of 30
Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20245.1%-0.7 pp18 of 30
Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20240.9%0.0 pp8 of 30
Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20240.8%-3.6 pp10 of 30
Health expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20246.6%+0.1 pp16 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20240.9%+0.1 pp25 of 30
Education expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20244.0%+0.1 pp27 of 30
Social protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP202421.3%+0.3 pp4 of 30
General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202415.4%+1.6 pp4 of 30
Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20242.6%+0.4 pp21 of 30
Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20243.5%+0.3 pp19 of 30
Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202410.1%-0.7 pp21 of 30
Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20241.8%+0.2 pp11 of 30
Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20241.5%-6.8 pp14 of 30
Health share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202413.2%+1.0 pp23 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20241.7%+0.2 pp29 of 30
Education share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20248.0%+0.7 pp30 of 30
Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202442.2%+3.1 pp3 of 30

Business and activity

10
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Industrial production index 2021 = 10008/202660.6+3.1%34 of 34
Retail trade, volume of sales index 2021 = 10008/202694.6-0.9%29 of 32
Residential building permits (useful floor area) index 2021 = 100Q2 2026 p91.4+8.0%18 of 35
Economic sentiment indicator index (average = 100)09/202699.8+0.5%17 of 30
Consumer confidence balance08/2026-19.8-20.7%24 of 31
Industrial confidence balance09/2026-3.1+62.2%15 of 30
Active enterprises enterprises20244,639,890+0.5%2 of 34
Enterprise birth rate %20247.9%+0.2 pp31 of 34
Enterprise death rate %2024 ep6.4%-0.0 pp9 of 33
R&D expenditure % of GDP20241.41%+0.04 pp19 of 32

Labour market and productivity

21
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Unemployment rate % of labour force08/20266.4%+1.2 pp19 of 30
Youth unemployment rate (under 25) % of labour force08/202621.2%+3.7 pp21 of 24
Unemployed persons thousand persons08/20261,669+26.7%27 of 30
Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force20256.1%-0.4 pp18 of 34
Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force20253.1%-0.2 pp28 of 34
Employment rate (20–64) % of populationQ2 202668.6%+0.9 pp31 of 34
Employed persons (15–74) thousand personsQ2 202624,381+1.0%4 of 34
Employed persons per inhabitant % of population2025 p45.5%+0.5 pp27 of 33
Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year2025 p781+1.1%24 of 32
Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100202596.3-3.0%13 of 31
Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 1002025103.1-2.5%12 of 31
Real labour productivity per hour, annual change %2025-0.5%+0.6 pp32 of 32
Nominal unit labour cost, annual change %20253.5%-0.4 pp13 of 33
Hours worked per employed person hours per year20251,717+0.0%12 of 32
Compensation per employee € per year202543,687 €+3.0%14 of 33
Compensation per hour worked € per hour202526.6 €+2.7%16 of 31
Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100202595.4-1.5%14 of 31
Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100202589.7-2.0%15 of 30
Labour costs (B–S) index 2020 = 100Q2 2026111.6+1.9%26 of 26
Job vacancy rate (B–S) %Q4 2025 p1.6%-0.1 pp16 of 31
Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education %202522.3%0.0 pp32 of 34

Households

7
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Household saving rate % of disposable income202510.8%-0.3 pp11 of 12
Real household disposable income per capita, annual change %2025 e0.7%-0.5 pp7 of 12
Median equivalised income PPS202522,624 PPS+8.7%15 of 30
Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100202531.0-3.7%23 of 30
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population202522.6%-0.5 pp22 of 30
Housing cost overburden rate % of population20255.0%-0.1 pp7 of 30
Household debt (loans) % of GDP202536.2%+0.1 pp12 of 31

External sector and financing

9
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Current account balance % of GDPQ2 2026-0.1%-1.4 pp14 of 32
Goods balance % of GDPQ2 20261.7%-0.5 pp11 of 32
Services balance % of GDPQ2 20260.5%+0.2 pp23 of 32
Net international investment position % of GDPQ2 202614.6%+4.5 pp12 of 32
Net direct investment % of GDPQ2 20260.1%-0.5 pp17 of 32
Exports of goods M€2025643,153 M€+3.3%3 of 27
Trade balance in goods M€202550,702 M€+5.0%4 of 27
10-year government bond yield %09/20264.36%+0.80 pp22 of 27
Real effective exchange rate (42 partners, CPI-deflated) index 2015 = 10007/2026101.53-1.4%23 of 30

Demography

6
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Population on 1 January persons202558,943,464-0.0%4 of 38
Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants2025 p0.0+100.0%23 of 39
Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants2025 p5.0+16.3%18 of 39
Median age of population years202549.1+0.8%1 of 38
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) %202539.0%+0.6 pp38 of 38
Life expectancy at birth years202483.7+0.5%5 of 37

Public-sector efficiency

2
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons20251,221+0.7%5 of 26
Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons202526,797+1.1%3 of 26