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Estonia

EU member state In the euro area Population: 1.37 M (2025)

Source: Eurostat, data retrieved 2026-10-17; each indicator links to its dataset · Methodology and technical sheets

Economic situation

Estonia: real GDP grew 1.8% year on year (Q2 2026); previous quarter: 2.9%; EU27: 1.5%. Harmonised inflation (HICP) stands at 3.1% (09/2026), below the EU27 average (3.8%); core inflation, excluding energy and food, is 1.4%. The unemployment rate stands at 8.0% (08/2026), up 0.9 percentage points on a year earlier; the EU27 rate is 6.2%. In 2025, general government recorded a deficit of 2.0% of GDP and public debt reached 24.1% of GDP (Treaty reference values: 3% and 60%). The current account shows a deficit of 2.6% of GDP (Q2 2026). Its best European position is in "HICP recreation, sport and culture" (1 of 36) and its worst in "Youth unemployment rate (under 25)" (24 of 24).

Key indicators

GDP growth1.8%Q2 2026-1.0 pp year on year18 of 34 in EuropeInflation (HICP)3.1%09/2026-2.2 pp year on year12 of 36 in EuropeUnemployment rate8.0%08/2026+0.9 pp year on year25 of 30 in EuropeEmployment rate (20–64)82.2%Q2 2026+0.3 pp year on year7 of 34 in EuropeGovernment balance (% GDP)-2.0%2025-0.9 pp year on year9 of 27 in EuropePublic debt (% GDP)24.1%2025+0.6 pp year on year1 of 27 in EuropeCurrent account (% GDP)-2.6%Q2 2026-3.1 pp year on year19 of 32 in EuropeGDP per capita (EU = 100)802025+1.4% year on year22 of 33 in Europe

Trends

Activity: GDP, consumption and investment (real year-on-year change, %)
Prices: headline and core inflation (HICP, %)
Labour: total and youth unemployment (%)
Government balance (% of GDP)
Public debt (% of GDP)
External sector: current account, goods and services (% of GDP)
Economic sentiment (long-term average = 100)
Government expenditure by function (COFOG) →What Estonia spends on: 10 functions and 69 sub-functions compared with the EU27, and the split by level of government.Regions of Estonia →7 regions with indicators on population, GDP, jobs, income and well-being (NUTS 1: 1 · NUTS 2: 1 · NUTS 3: 5).
Regional competitiveness (RCI) →Estonia's 1 regions in the Commission's index: institutions, infrastructure, labour market, innovation…Regional social progress (EU-SPI) →Estonia's 1 regions: basic needs, foundations of wellbeing and opportunity

All indicators

140 indicators for Estonia. Its NUTS 1, 2 and 3 regions, with their own indicators, are on the country's regions page.

GDP and national accounts

19
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Nominal GDP (quarterly) M€Q2 202611,113 M€+5.6%29 of 35
Real GDP, year-on-year change (quarterly) %Q2 20261.8%-1.0 pp18 of 34
Real GDP, chain-linked volume (quarterly) M€ (2020)Q2 20267,742 M€+1.8%30 of 35
Nominal GDP (annual) M€202541,875 M€+5.0%29 of 37
Real GDP growth (annual) %20251.3%+1.2 pp22 of 35
GDP per capita € per inhabitant202530,570 €+5.4%20 of 35
Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant202521,820 €+1.6%21 of 35
Real GDP per capita, annual change %20251.6%+2.1 pp15 of 34
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant202533,279 PPS+5.4%22 of 33
GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100202580+1.4%22 of 33
Household consumption, real year-on-year change %Q2 20261.6%+1.0 pp18 of 34
Government consumption, real year-on-year change %Q2 20260.5%-2.4 pp28 of 34
Gross fixed capital formation, real year-on-year change %Q2 2026-6.1%-5.6 pp32 of 33
Exports, real year-on-year change %Q2 20262.7%-0.7 pp25 of 34
Imports, real year-on-year change %Q2 20264.3%-0.5 pp14 of 34
Industry share of the economy % of GVA202516.5%-0.2 pp22 of 37
Construction share of the economy % of GVA20256.2%-0.3 pp13 of 37
Services share of the economy % of GVA202575.4%+0.7 pp11 of 37
Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA202517.8%+0.2 pp21 of 37

Prices

25
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Consumer price level (HICP) index 2015 = 10009/2026169.32+3.1%4 of 36
HICP, annual rate of change %09/20263.1%-2.2 pp12 of 36
Core HICP (excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) %09/2026 e1.4%-4.8 pp3 of 36
HICP energy %09/202616.8%+19.5 pp21 of 36
HICP food, alcohol and tobacco %09/2026 e0.5%-6.8 pp12 of 36
HICP services %09/2026 e2.0%-8.2 pp4 of 36
HICP non-energy industrial goods %09/2026 e0.6%-0.5 pp14 of 36
HICP alcoholic beverages and tobacco %09/20266.6%+1.1 pp31 of 36
HICP clothing and footwear %09/2026-1.5%+3.3 pp8 of 36
HICP furnishings and household equipment %09/2026-0.2%-2.7 pp8 of 36
HICP health %09/20262.6%-8.0 pp15 of 36
HICP information and communication %09/2026-0.5%-0.7 pp7 of 36
HICP recreation, sport and culture %09/2026-1.3%-9.6 pp1 of 36
HICP education services %09/2026-7.8%-9.1 pp3 of 36
HICP insurance and financial services %09/2026-4.0%+8.4 pp1 of 36
HICP personal care and miscellaneous goods and services %09/20263.6%-4.0 pp21 of 36
HICP, annual average rate %20254.8%+1.1 pp33 of 35
HICP electricity %09/20266.0%+8.0 pp21 of 34
HICP natural gas %09/202644.5%+39.8 pp27 of 29
HICP diesel %09/202658.0%+67.5 pp34 of 35
HICP petrol %09/202633.8%+43.8 pp30 of 35
House prices index 2015 = 100Q2 2026236.7+5.8%8 of 28
House prices, annual rate of change %Q2 20265.8%+0.3 pp17 of 29
Household electricity price (2 500–4 999 kWh, taxes included) €/kWhH1 20260.2118 €/kWh-7.8%16 of 36
Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100202591.8-0.1%16 of 36

Government

20
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP2025-2.0%-0.9 pp9 of 27
Government debt % of GDP202524.1%+0.6 pp1 of 27
Government debt, total amount M€202510,035 M€+7.3%1 of 27
Government debt (quarterly) % of GDPQ1 2026 p25.2%+1.3 pp1 of 28
Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP202518.8%+0.3 pp20 of 28
Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP20250.6%0.0 pp21 of 28
Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP20253.6%+0.4 pp23 of 27
Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP20250.2%0.0 pp26 of 27
Average remaining maturity of government debt years20257.80.0%12 of 24
Net issuance of government debt securities % of GDPQ1 20264.2%+1.1 pp16 of 27
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) (quarterly) % of GDPQ1 2026 p-3.9%+0.7 pp21 of 30
Total government revenue % of GDP202543.4%+0.6 pp18 of 29
Total government expenditure % of GDP202545.4%+1.4 pp18 of 29
Government interest payments % of GDP20250.50%-0.10 pp2 of 29
Apparent cost of government debt %20252.5%-0.8 pp14 of 25
Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP20256.70%+0.50 pp1 of 29
Tax burden (taxes and social contributions) % of GDP202536.8%+0.7 pp8 of 9
Taxes on income and wealth % of GDP20259.9%+0.4 pp8 of 9
VAT % of GDP202510.0%+0.4 pp1 of 9
Social contributions % of GDP202512.7%+0.1 pp4 of 9

Government expenditure by function (COFOG)

20
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
General public services expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20244.3%+0.2 pp25 of 30
Defence expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20243.7%+0.6 pp1 of 30
Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.8%-0.1 pp9 of 30
Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20244.6%-0.3 pp23 of 30
Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20240.7%0.0 pp14 of 30
Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20240.4%0.0 pp25 of 30
Health expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20246.3%+0.1 pp18 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.9%-0.1 pp3 of 30
Education expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20246.3%0.0 pp3 of 30
Social protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP202413.8%+0.3 pp21 of 30
General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20249.9%+0.3 pp25 of 30
Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20248.5%+1.4 pp1 of 30
Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20244.2%-0.1 pp10 of 30
Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202410.5%-0.9 pp19 of 30
Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20241.6%0.0 pp14 of 30
Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20240.9%-0.1 pp24 of 30
Health share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202414.4%0.0 pp18 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20244.4%-0.3 pp3 of 30
Education share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202414.2%-0.4 pp4 of 30
Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202431.4%+0.1 pp23 of 30

Business and activity

10
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Industrial production index 2021 = 10008/202687.2+4.6%19 of 34
Retail trade, volume of sales index 2021 = 10008/202697.4+6.0%26 of 32
Residential building permits (useful floor area) index 2021 = 100Q2 202667.9-11.1%24 of 35
Economic sentiment indicator index (average = 100)04/202689.7-1.3%29 of 32
Consumer confidence balance04/2026-33.0+8.1%30 of 32
Industrial confidence balance04/2026-4.4-63.0%20 of 32
Active enterprises enterprises2024168,518+2.0%26 of 34
Enterprise birth rate %202412.1%-2.2 pp10 of 34
Enterprise death rate %2024 p29.2%+18.0 pp33 of 33
R&D expenditure % of GDP20241.98%+0.14 pp11 of 32

Labour market and productivity

22
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Unemployment rate % of labour force08/20268.0%+0.9 pp25 of 30
Youth unemployment rate (under 25) % of labour force08/202627.1%+7.0 pp24 of 24
Unemployed persons thousand persons08/202660+11.1%6 of 30
Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force20257.5%-0.1 pp25 of 34
Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force20251.8%0.0 pp17 of 34
Employment rate (20–64) % of populationQ2 202682.2%+0.3 pp7 of 34
Employed persons (15–74) thousand personsQ2 2026692-0.7%30 of 34
Employed persons per inhabitant % of population202550.2%-0.1 pp19 of 33
Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year2025848-0.2%14 of 32
Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100202573.6+1.4%21 of 31
Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100202577.6+1.8%24 of 31
Real labour productivity per hour, annual change %20251.9%+2.3 pp14 of 32
Nominal unit labour cost, annual change %20253.3%-3.4 pp10 of 33
Hours worked per employed person hours per year20251,690-0.1%13 of 32
Compensation per employee € per year202534,709 €+5.1%19 of 33
Compensation per hour worked € per hour202520.5 €+5.1%17 of 31
Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100202579.1+0.8%21 of 31
Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100202572.3+0.7%17 of 30
Labour costs (B–S) index 2020 = 100Q2 2026161.4+6.5%9 of 26
Minimum wage € per monthH2 2026946 €+6.8%16 of 29
Job vacancy rate (B–S) %Q4 20251.5%0.0 pp17 of 31
Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education %202542.1%+0.3 pp15 of 34

Households

7
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Household saving rate % of disposable income20247.3%+3.8 pp23 of 27
Real household disposable income per capita, annual change %20243.0%+5.5 pp14 of 27
Median equivalised income PPS202517,147 PPS+4.0%20 of 30
Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100202530.9+0.3%21 of 30
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population202521.8%-0.4 pp21 of 30
Housing cost overburden rate % of population20258.8%+0.2 pp24 of 30
Household debt (loans) % of GDP202539.3%+1.1 pp14 of 31

External sector and financing

9
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Current account balance % of GDPQ2 2026-2.6%-3.1 pp19 of 32
Goods balance % of GDPQ2 2026-9.6%-2.6 pp22 of 32
Services balance % of GDPQ2 20269.0%+0.8 pp8 of 32
Net international investment position % of GDPQ2 2026-1.2%+6.9 pp14 of 32
Net direct investment % of GDPQ2 2026-5.1%-1.0 pp27 of 32
Exports of goods M€202518,578 M€+7.0%24 of 27
Trade balance in goods M€2025-3,826 M€-13.4%14 of 27
10-year government bond yield %09/20264.09%+0.82 pp15 of 27
Real effective exchange rate (42 partners, CPI-deflated) index 2015 = 10007/2026130.92-1.8%2 of 30

Demography

6
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Population on 1 January persons20251,369,995-0.3%32 of 38
Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants2025-6.8-100.0%36 of 39
Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants2025-2.1-310.0%37 of 39
Median age of population years202542.9+0.9%21 of 38
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) %202532.9%+0.7 pp25 of 38
Life expectancy at birth years202479.4+0.6%24 of 37

Public-sector efficiency

2
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons202543-0.9%22 of 26
Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons2025688-0.2%22 of 26