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Romania

EU member state Outside the euro area Population: 19.04 M (2025)

Source: Eurostat, data retrieved 2026-10-16; each indicator links to its dataset · Methodology and technical sheets

Economic situation

Romania: real GDP fell 1.9% year on year (Q2 2026); previous quarter: -1.9%; EU27: 1.5%. Harmonised inflation (HICP) stands at 6.5% (09/2026), above the EU27 average (3.8%); core inflation, excluding energy and food, is 7.0%. The unemployment rate stands at 6.4% (08/2026), up 0.4 percentage points on a year earlier; the EU27 rate is 6.2%. In 2025, general government recorded a deficit of 7.9% of GDP and public debt reached 59.3% of GDP (Treaty reference values: 3% and 60%). The current account shows a deficit of 8.1% of GDP (Q2 2026). Its best European position is in "Gross fixed capital formation, real year-on-year change" (1 of 33) and its worst in "Real GDP, year-on-year change (quarterly)" (34 of 34).

Key indicators

GDP growth-1.9%Q2 2026 p-3.8 pp year on year34 of 34 in EuropeInflation (HICP)6.5%09/2026-2.1 pp year on year35 of 36 in EuropeUnemployment rate6.4%08/2026+0.4 pp year on year19 of 30 in EuropeEmployment rate (20–64)68.8%Q2 2026-0.5 pp year on year30 of 34 in EuropeGovernment balance (% GDP)-7.9%2025+1.4 pp year on year27 of 27 in EuropePublic debt (% GDP)59.3%2025+4.5 pp year on year14 of 27 in EuropeCurrent account (% GDP)-8.1%Q2 2026+0.4 pp year on year28 of 32 in EuropeGDP per capita (EU = 100)782025 p+1.3% year on year23 of 33 in Europe

Trends

Activity: GDP, consumption and investment (real year-on-year change, %)
Prices: headline and core inflation (HICP, %)
Labour: total and youth unemployment (%)
Government balance (% of GDP)
Public debt (% of GDP)
External sector: current account, goods and services (% of GDP)
Economic sentiment (long-term average = 100)
Government expenditure by function (COFOG) →What Romania spends on: 10 functions and 69 sub-functions compared with the EU27, and the split by level of government.Regions of Romania →54 regions with indicators on population, GDP, jobs, income and well-being (NUTS 1: 4 · NUTS 2: 8 · NUTS 3: 42).
Regional competitiveness (RCI) →Romania's 8 regions in the Commission's index: institutions, infrastructure, labour market, innovation…Regional social progress (EU-SPI) →Romania's 8 regions: basic needs, foundations of wellbeing and opportunity

All indicators

141 indicators for Romania. Its NUTS 1, 2 and 3 regions, with their own indicators, are on the country's regions page.

GDP and national accounts

19
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Nominal GDP (quarterly) M€Q2 2026 p96,510 M€+8.7%15 of 35
Real GDP, year-on-year change (quarterly) %Q2 2026 p-1.9%-3.8 pp34 of 34
Real GDP, chain-linked volume (quarterly) M€ (2020)Q2 2026 p58,558 M€-1.9%18 of 35
Nominal GDP (annual) M€2025 p382,740 M€+7.7%15 of 37
Real GDP growth (annual) %2025 p0.8%-0.3 pp27 of 35
GDP per capita € per inhabitant2025 p20,100 €+7.8%29 of 35
Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant2025 p13,300 €+0.8%29 of 35
Real GDP per capita, annual change %2025 p0.8%-0.3 pp23 of 34
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant2025 p32,576 PPS+5.4%23 of 33
GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 1002025 p78+1.3%23 of 33
Household consumption, real year-on-year change %Q2 2026 p-5.1%-6.0 pp34 of 34
Government consumption, real year-on-year change %Q2 2026 p-3.6%-8.7 pp34 of 34
Gross fixed capital formation, real year-on-year change %Q2 2026 p17.6%+17.0 pp1 of 33
Exports, real year-on-year change %Q2 2026 p3.4%+0.3 pp19 of 34
Imports, real year-on-year change %Q2 2026 p3.7%+1.8 pp17 of 34
Industry share of the economy % of GVA2025 p18.6%-0.6 pp19 of 37
Construction share of the economy % of GVA2025 p11.8%+0.9 pp2 of 37
Services share of the economy % of GVA2025 p66.6%-0.5 pp32 of 37
Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA2025 p13.7%-0.5 pp34 of 37

Prices

25
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Consumer price level (HICP) index 2015 = 10009/2026174.76+6.5%3 of 36
HICP, annual rate of change %09/20266.5%-2.1 pp35 of 36
Core HICP (excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) %09/20267.0%-1.0 pp35 of 36
HICP energy %09/202614.4%-1.1 pp16 of 36
HICP food, alcohol and tobacco %09/20263.0%-4.7 pp30 of 36
HICP services %09/20269.3%-0.5 pp35 of 36
HICP non-energy industrial goods %09/20265.0%-1.5 pp35 of 36
HICP alcoholic beverages and tobacco %09/20265.3%-1.8 pp27 of 36
HICP clothing and footwear %09/20265.7%-1.3 pp35 of 36
HICP furnishings and household equipment %09/20264.6%-1.8 pp35 of 36
HICP health %09/20264.8%-4.2 pp28 of 36
HICP information and communication %09/20268.6%+7.7 pp35 of 36
HICP recreation, sport and culture %09/20269.1%-1.4 pp35 of 36
HICP education services %09/20268.6%-1.5 pp33 of 36
HICP insurance and financial services %09/202623.7%+14.6 pp35 of 36
HICP personal care and miscellaneous goods and services %09/20267.5%-2.5 pp33 of 36
HICP, annual average rate %20256.8%+1.0 pp34 of 35
HICP electricity %09/20261.4%-67.8 pp13 of 34
HICP natural gas %09/20264.6%+6.6 pp14 of 29
HICP diesel %09/202637.6%+27.7 pp15 of 35
HICP petrol %09/202628.4%+20.2 pp25 of 35
House prices index 2015 = 100Q2 2026182.0+12.1%17 of 28
House prices, annual rate of change %Q2 202612.1%+7.4 pp6 of 29
Household electricity price (2 500–4 999 kWh, taxes included) €/kWhH1 20260.2836 €/kWh+47.9%28 of 36
Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100202561.7+2.3%32 of 36

Government

21
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP2025-7.9%+1.4 pp27 of 27
Government debt % of GDP202559.3%+4.5 pp14 of 27
Government debt, total amount M€2025223,145 M€+15.0%16 of 27
Government debt (quarterly) % of GDPQ1 2026 p60.1%+4.3 pp15 of 28
Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP202529.7%+2.5 pp15 of 28
Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP20250.1%-0.1 pp24 of 28
Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP202512.9%-1.4 pp12 of 27
Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP202511.5%+2.3 pp4 of 27
Government debt held by households % of GDP20253.8%+1.0 pp7 of 18
Average remaining maturity of government debt years20256.9-4.2%17 of 24
Net issuance of government debt securities % of GDPQ1 2026 p6.6%-1.2 pp13 of 27
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) (quarterly) % of GDPQ1 2026 p-5.5%+6.1 pp23 of 30
Total government revenue % of GDP202535.4%+1.4 pp27 of 29
Total government expenditure % of GDP202543.3%0.0 pp22 of 29
Government interest payments % of GDP20252.80%+0.40 pp25 of 29
Apparent cost of government debt %20255.2%+0.3 pp25 of 25
Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP20256.00%+0.10 pp3 of 29
Tax burden (taxes and social contributions) % of GDP202428.8%+1.3 pp28 of 30
Taxes on income and wealth % of GDP20246.0%+0.6 pp30 of 30
VAT % of GDP20246.8%+0.1 pp23 of 30
Social contributions % of GDP202411.7%+0.7 pp18 of 30

Government expenditure by function (COFOG)

20
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
General public services expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20245.8%+0.4 pp10 of 30
Defence expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.6%+0.4 pp12 of 30
Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20242.8%-0.3 pp2 of 30
Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20246.7%-0.3 pp4 of 30
Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20240.9%+0.2 pp8 of 30
Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.5%0.0 pp2 of 30
Health expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20245.2%+0.4 pp26 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20241.1%+0.1 pp21 of 30
Education expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP20244.0%+0.5 pp27 of 30
Social protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP202413.6%+0.7 pp23 of 30
General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202413.5%+0.3 pp7 of 30
Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20243.8%+0.8 pp11 of 30
Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20246.5%-1.2 pp3 of 30
Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202415.6%-1.4 pp3 of 30
Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20242.0%+0.2 pp7 of 30
Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20243.5%-0.1 pp2 of 30
Health share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202412.0%+0.4 pp25 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20242.5%0.0 pp20 of 30
Education share of government expenditure (COFOG) %20249.3%+0.9 pp25 of 30
Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %202431.4%+0.1 pp23 of 30

Business and activity

10
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Industrial production index 2021 = 10008/2026 p82.7-0.5%25 of 34
Retail trade, volume of sales index 2021 = 10008/2026 p117.8+0.9%12 of 32
Residential building permits (useful floor area) index 2021 = 100Q2 202687.6+7.0%19 of 35
Economic sentiment indicator index (average = 100)09/202692.2-2.0%27 of 30
Consumer confidence balance09/2026-32.5-3.2%29 of 30
Industrial confidence balance09/2026-2.4-140.0%12 of 30
Active enterprises enterprises20241,030,603+0.8%10 of 34
Enterprise birth rate %202411.6%-0.8 pp12 of 34
Enterprise death rate %2024 p7.8%+1.4 pp18 of 33
R&D expenditure % of GDP2024 p0.46%-0.06 pp31 of 32

Labour market and productivity

22
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Unemployment rate % of labour force08/20266.4%+0.4 pp19 of 30
Youth unemployment rate (under 25) % of labour force06/202629.9%+7.0 pp32 of 33
Unemployed persons thousand persons08/2026526+6.3%25 of 30
Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force20256.1%+0.7 pp18 of 34
Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force20252.1%+0.3 pp23 of 34
Employment rate (20–64) % of populationQ2 202668.8%-0.5 pp30 of 34
Employed persons (15–74) thousand personsQ2 20267,669-0.8%8 of 34
Employed persons per inhabitant % of population2025 p43.7%-1.7 pp31 of 33
Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year2025 p803-1.2%21 of 32
Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 1002025 p76.1+2.4%20 of 31
Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 1002025 p87.1+5.6%18 of 31
Real labour productivity per hour, annual change %2025 p2.0%+2.9 pp13 of 32
Nominal unit labour cost, annual change %2025 p3.8%-5.2 pp15 of 33
Hours worked per employed person hours per year2025 p1,836+2.6%10 of 32
Compensation per employee € per year2025 p21,749 €+7.2%29 of 33
Compensation per hour worked € per hour2025 p11.5 €+4.5%29 of 31
Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 1002025 p73.8+0.5%23 of 31
Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 1002025 p60.4-2.4%25 of 30
Labour costs (B–S) index 2020 = 100Q2 2026 p174.8+3.2%6 of 26
Minimum wage € per monthH2 2026825 €+3.5%20 of 29
Job vacancy rate (B–S) %Q4 20250.6%-0.1 pp31 of 31
Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education %202519.5%+0.3 pp33 of 34

Households

7
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Household saving rate % of disposable income2025 p1.8%+2.7 pp12 of 12
Real household disposable income per capita, annual change %2025 p0.7%-5.8 pp7 of 12
Median equivalised income PPS202512,861 PPS-1.2%27 of 30
Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100202527.3-2.5%10 of 30
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population202527.4%-0.5 pp27 of 30
Housing cost overburden rate % of population20255.0%+0.3 pp7 of 30
Household debt (loans) % of GDP2025 p12.5%0.0 pp2 of 31

External sector and financing

9
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Current account balance % of GDPQ2 2026-8.1%+0.4 pp28 of 32
Goods balance % of GDPQ2 2026-9.0%-0.1 pp20 of 32
Services balance % of GDPQ2 20263.7%+0.3 pp18 of 32
Net international investment position % of GDPQ2 2026-45.2%-1.3 pp24 of 32
Net direct investment % of GDPQ2 20260.7%+2.6 pp11 of 32
Exports of goods M€202596,501 M€+4.1%15 of 27
Trade balance in goods M€2025-32,838 M€+1.8%23 of 27
10-year government bond yield %09/20266.71%-0.58 pp27 of 27
Real effective exchange rate (42 partners, CPI-deflated) index 2015 = 10007/2026114.14+0.5%9 of 30

Demography

6
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Population on 1 January persons2025 e19,043,151-0.1%7 of 38
Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants2025 e-0.1+92.3%24 of 39
Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants2025 ep5.4+35.0%14 of 39
Median age of population years2025 e44.1+0.7%16 of 38
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) %2025 e31.6%+0.4 pp16 of 38
Life expectancy at birth years2024 e76.5+0.3%32 of 37

Public-sector efficiency

2
IndicatorPeriodValueYear-on-year changeTrendRank in Europe
Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons2025 p416+1.5%8 of 26
Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons2025 p8,329-3.5%7 of 26