Germany

EU member state In the euro area Population: 83.58 M (2025)

Source: Eurostat, data retrieved 2026-10-16; each indicator links to its dataset · Methodology and technical sheets

Economic situation

Germany: real GDP grew 1.0% year on year (Q2 2026); previous quarter: 0.8%; EU27: 1.5%. Harmonised inflation (HICP) stands at 3.3% (09/2026), below the EU27 average (3.8%); core inflation, excluding energy and food, is 2.5%. The unemployment rate stands at 4.3% (08/2026), up 0.4 percentage points on a year earlier; the EU27 rate is 6.2%. In 2025, general government recorded a deficit of 2.7% of GDP and public debt reached 63.5% of GDP (Treaty reference values: 3% and 60%). The current account shows a surplus of 3.9% of GDP (Q2 2026). Its best European position is in "HICP natural gas" (2 of 29) and its worst in "Household electricity price (2 500–4 999 kWh, taxes included)" (35 of 36).

Key indicators

GDP growth1.0%Q2 2026 ^p+1.0 pp year on year27 of 34 in Europe Inflation (HICP)3.3%09/2026 ^e+1.0 pp year on year13 of 36 in Europe Unemployment rate4.3%08/2026+0.4 pp year on year8 of 30 in Europe Employment rate (20–64)81.3%Q2 2026+0.3 pp year on year9 of 34 in Europe Government balance (% GDP)-2.7%20250.0 pp year on year16 of 27 in Europe Public debt (% GDP)63.5%2025+1.3 pp year on year17 of 27 in Europe Current account (% GDP)3.9%Q2 2026+0.2 pp year on year7 of 32 in Europe GDP per capita (EU = 100)1172025 ^p-0.5% year on year8 of 33 in Europe

Trends

Activity: GDP, consumption and investment (real year-on-year change, %)

Prices: headline and core inflation (HICP, %)

Labour: total and youth unemployment (%)

Government balance (% of GDP)

Public debt (% of GDP)

External sector: current account, goods and services (% of GDP)

Economic sentiment (long-term average = 100)

Government expenditure by function (COFOG) →What Germany spends on: 10 functions and 69 sub-functions compared with the EU27, and the split by level of government.Regions of Germany →454 regions with indicators on population, GDP, jobs, income and well-being (NUTS 1: 16 · NUTS 2: 38 · NUTS 3: 400).

Regional competitiveness (RCI) →Germany's 37 regions in the Commission's index: institutions, infrastructure, labour market, innovation…Regional social progress (EU-SPI) →Germany's 38 regions: basic needs, foundations of wellbeing and opportunity

All indicators

140 indicators for Germany. Its NUTS 1, 2 and 3 regions, with their own indicators, are on the country's regions page.

GDP and national accounts

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Nominal GDP (quarterly) M€	Q2 2026 ^p	1,151,030 M€	+3.8%	1 of 35
Real GDP, year-on-year change (quarterly) %	Q2 2026 ^p	1.0%	+1.0 pp	27 of 34
Real GDP, chain-linked volume (quarterly) M€ (2020)	Q2 2026 ^p	905,151 M€	+1.0%	1 of 35
Nominal GDP (annual) M€	2025 ^p	4,529,710 M€	+3.3%	1 of 37
Real GDP growth (annual) %	2025 ^p	0.2%	+0.2 pp	34 of 35
GDP per capita € per inhabitant	2025 ^p	54,240 €	+3.3%	10 of 35
Real GDP per capita € (2020) per inhabitant	2025 ^p	43,750 €	+0.2%	11 of 35
Real GDP per capita, annual change %	2025 ^p	0.2%	+0.5 pp	31 of 34
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards PPS per inhabitant	2025 ^p	48,622 PPS	+3.4%	8 of 33
GDP per capita in PPS relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100	2025 ^p	117	-0.5%	8 of 33
Household consumption, real year-on-year change %	Q2 2026 ^p	0.1%	-1.4 pp	32 of 34
Government consumption, real year-on-year change %	Q2 2026 ^p	3.0%	+1.7 pp	7 of 34
Gross fixed capital formation, real year-on-year change %	Q2 2026 ^p	0.0%	+1.7 pp	28 of 33
Exports, real year-on-year change %	Q2 2026 ^p	3.7%	+6.2 pp	18 of 34
Imports, real year-on-year change %	Q2 2026 ^p	2.5%	-0.4 pp	24 of 34
Industry share of the economy % of GVA	2025 ^p	22.8%	-0.6 pp	6 of 37
Construction share of the economy % of GVA	2025 ^p	5.1%	0.0 pp	29 of 37
Services share of the economy % of GVA	2025 ^p	71.2%	+0.6 pp	23 of 37
Public administration, education and health share of the economy % of GVA	2025 ^p	20.3%	+0.7 pp	8 of 37

Prices

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Consumer price level (HICP) index 2015 = 100	09/2026	137.10	+3.3%	22 of 36
HICP, annual rate of change %	09/2026 ^e	3.3%	+1.0 pp	13 of 36
Core HICP (excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco) %	09/2026 ^e	2.5%	-0.1 pp	11 of 36
HICP energy %	09/2026 ^e	13.4%	+14.1 pp	12 of 36
HICP food, alcohol and tobacco %	09/2026 ^e	1.1%	-1.8 pp	18 of 36
HICP services %	09/2026 ^e	2.8%	-0.6 pp	7 of 36
HICP non-energy industrial goods %	09/2026 ^e	2.1%	+0.9 pp	29 of 36
HICP alcoholic beverages and tobacco %	09/2026	3.5%	0.0 pp	21 of 36
HICP clothing and footwear %	09/2026	0.5%	-0.7 pp	22 of 36
HICP furnishings and household equipment %	09/2026	-0.1%	-0.9 pp	9 of 36
HICP health %	09/2026	6.0%	+1.4 pp	33 of 36
HICP information and communication %	09/2026	1.5%	+2.4 pp	14 of 36
HICP recreation, sport and culture %	09/2026	1.5%	+0.5 pp	5 of 36
HICP education services %	09/2026	3.6%	-1.5 pp	21 of 36
HICP insurance and financial services %	09/2026	1.7%	-3.4 pp	8 of 36
HICP personal care and miscellaneous goods and services %	09/2026	3.3%	-0.7 pp	19 of 36
HICP, annual average rate %	2025	2.3%	-0.2 pp	9 of 35
HICP electricity %	09/2026	-5.5%	-3.9 pp	5 of 34
HICP natural gas %	09/2026	-4.0%	-3.1 pp	2 of 29
HICP diesel %	09/2026	47.7%	+45.2 pp	28 of 35
HICP petrol %	09/2026	34.3%	+33.6 pp	33 of 35
House prices index 2015 = 100	Q2 2026 ^p	153.5	+0.6%	23 of 28
House prices, annual rate of change %	Q2 2026 ^p	0.6%	-2.7 pp	26 of 29
Household electricity price (2 500–4 999 kWh, taxes included) €/kWh	H1 2026	0.3618 €/kWh	-5.7%	35 of 36
Price level relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100	2025	111.6	-0.1%	12 of 36

Government

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) % of GDP	2025	-2.7%	0.0 pp	16 of 27
Government debt % of GDP	2025	63.5%	+1.3 pp	17 of 27
Government debt, total amount M€	2025	2,838,239 M€	+5.4%	25 of 27
Government debt (quarterly) % of GDP	Q1 2026 ^p	64.4%	+2.4 pp	18 of 28
Government debt held by non-residents % of GDP	2025	32.6%	+2.5 pp	14 of 28
Government debt held by the central bank % of GDP	2025	12.4%	-2.2 pp	10 of 28
Government debt held by resident banks % of GDP	2025	11.2%	+0.2 pp	16 of 27
Government debt held by insurers, funds and other financial corporations % of GDP	2025	5.6%	+0.9 pp	14 of 27
Average remaining maturity of government debt years	2025	8.7	0.0%	6 of 24
Net issuance of government debt securities % of GDP	Q1 2026 ^p	4.9%	+3.8 pp	15 of 27
Government deficit (−) or surplus (+) (quarterly) % of GDP	Q1 2026 ^p	-3.2%	-1.5 pp	18 of 30
Total government revenue % of GDP	2025	47.9%	+1.1 pp	10 of 29
Total government expenditure % of GDP	2025	50.5%	+1.1 pp	7 of 29
Government interest payments % of GDP	2025	1.10%	0.00 pp	9 of 29
Apparent cost of government debt %	2025	1.8%	0.0 pp	4 of 25
Government investment (GFCF) % of GDP	2025	3.30%	+0.20 pp	23 of 29
Tax burden (taxes and social contributions) % of GDP	2024 ^p	40.9%	+0.8 pp	10 of 30
Taxes on income and wealth % of GDP	2024 ^p	12.8%	+0.2 pp	13 of 30
VAT % of GDP	2024 ^p	6.9%	0.0 pp	22 of 30
Social contributions % of GDP	2024 ^p	17.5%	+0.7 pp	1 of 30

Government expenditure by function (COFOG)

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
General public services expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	6.4%	+0.3 pp	7 of 30
Defence expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	1.4%	+0.2 pp	16 of 30
Public order and safety expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	1.6%	0.0 pp	17 of 30
Economic affairs expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	5.4%	-0.4 pp	17 of 30
Environmental protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	0.6%	+0.1 pp	20 of 30
Housing and community amenities expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	0.5%	+0.1 pp	20 of 30
Health expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	7.6%	+0.2 pp	10 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	1.1%	+0.1 pp	21 of 30
Education expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	4.5%	0.0 pp	22 of 30
Social protection expenditure (COFOG) % of GDP	2024 ^p	20.4%	+0.9 pp	5 of 30
General public services share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	13.0%	+0.4 pp	11 of 30
Defence share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	2.7%	+0.1 pp	19 of 30
Public order and safety share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	3.3%	0.0 pp	20 of 30
Economic affairs share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	11.0%	-1.1 pp	18 of 30
Environmental protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	1.1%	0.0 pp	26 of 30
Housing and community amenities share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	1.0%	+0.1 pp	22 of 30
Health share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	15.4%	0.0 pp	12 of 30
Recreation, culture and religion share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	2.1%	0.0 pp	24 of 30
Education share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	9.1%	-0.2 pp	26 of 30
Social protection share of government expenditure (COFOG) %	2024 ^p	41.3%	+0.7 pp	6 of 30

Business and activity

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Industrial production index 2021 = 100	08/2026	80.3	+1.1%	26 of 34
Retail trade, volume of sales index 2021 = 100	08/2026 ^p	94.3	-0.6%	30 of 32
Residential building permits (useful floor area) index 2021 = 100	Q2 2026	57.7	+15.6%	28 of 35
Economic sentiment indicator index (average = 100)	09/2026	95.0	+5.0%	25 of 30
Consumer confidence balance	09/2026	-14.3	-53.8%	18 of 30
Industrial confidence balance	09/2026	-8.4	+59.4%	25 of 30
Active enterprises enterprises	2024 ^b	3,240,939	+1.6%	5 of 34
Enterprise birth rate %	2024 ^b	7.8%	-0.6 pp	32 of 34
Enterprise death rate %	2024 ^bp	10.2%	+2.3 pp	23 of 33
R&D expenditure % of GDP	2024	3.12%	+0.02 pp	6 of 32

Labour market and productivity

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Unemployment rate % of labour force	08/2026	4.3%	+0.4 pp	8 of 30
Youth unemployment rate (under 25) % of labour force	08/2026	9.5%	+0.6 pp	2 of 24
Unemployed persons thousand persons	08/2026	1,860	+6.9%	28 of 30
Unemployment rate (annual) % of labour force	2025	3.8%	+0.3 pp	5 of 34
Long-term unemployment rate % of labour force	2025	1.1%	+0.1 pp	9 of 34
Employment rate (20–64) % of population	Q2 2026	81.3%	+0.3 pp	9 of 34
Employed persons (15–74) thousand persons	Q2 2026	41,900	-0.4%	1 of 34
Employed persons per inhabitant % of population	2025 ^p	54.9%	-0.1 pp	7 of 33
Hours worked per inhabitant hours per year	2025 ^p	734	-0.8%	29 of 32
Labour productivity per hour worked relative to the EU27 index EU27 = 100	2025 ^p	124.2	+0.1%	7 of 31
Labour productivity per person employed, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100	2025 ^p	103.5	0.0%	11 of 31
Real labour productivity per hour, annual change %	2025 ^p	1.1%	+1.4 pp	23 of 32
Nominal unit labour cost, annual change %	2025 ^p	4.4%	-0.9 pp	21 of 33
Hours worked per employed person hours per year	2025 ^p	1,336	-0.6%	32 of 32
Compensation per employee € per year	2025 ^p	58,408 €	+4.8%	10 of 33
Compensation per hour worked € per hour	2025 ^p	44.9 €	+5.4%	8 of 31
Compensation per employee in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100	2025 ^p	109.6	+0.7%	9 of 31
Compensation per hour worked in PPS, EU27 = 100 index EU27 = 100	2025 ^p	130.0	+0.9%	5 of 30
Labour costs (B–S) index 2020 = 100	Q2 2026	134.8	+3.0%	17 of 26
Minimum wage € per month	H2 2026	2,343 €	+8.4%	3 of 29
Job vacancy rate (B–S) %	Q4 2025	2.8%	-0.4 pp	4 of 31
Population aged 25–64 with tertiary education %	2025	35.4%	+1.8 pp	21 of 34

Households

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Household saving rate % of disposable income	2025 ^p	18.9%	-0.7 pp	2 of 12
Real household disposable income per capita, annual change %	2025 ^p	0.7%	-1.6 pp	9 of 12
Median equivalised income PPS	2025	26,594 PPS	+5.6%	6 of 30
Gini coefficient of disposable income 0–100	2025	30.1	+2.0%	17 of 30
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) % of population	2025	21.2%	+0.1 pp	20 of 30
Housing cost overburden rate % of population	2025	11.2%	-0.8 pp	27 of 30
Household debt (loans) % of GDP	2025 ^p	48.3%	-0.7 pp	18 of 31

External sector and financing

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Current account balance % of GDP	Q2 2026	3.9%	+0.2 pp	7 of 32
Goods balance % of GDP	Q2 2026	4.1%	-0.2 pp	7 of 32
Services balance % of GDP	Q2 2026	-1.7%	+0.1 pp	30 of 32
Net international investment position % of GDP	Q2 2026	86.9%	+12.8 pp	5 of 32
Net direct investment % of GDP	Q2 2026	0.3%	+0.3 pp	14 of 32
Exports of goods M€	2025	1,563,449 M€	+0.9%	1 of 27
Trade balance in goods M€	2025	201,620 M€	-13.3%	1 of 27
10-year government bond yield %	09/2026	3.47%	+0.78 pp	4 of 27
Real effective exchange rate (42 partners, CPI-deflated) index 2015 = 100	07/2026	109.15	-1.4%	15 of 30

Demography

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Rank in Europe
Population on 1 January persons	2025	83,577,140	+0.1%	2 of 38
Total population change per 1,000 inhabitants	2025	-1.3	-192.9%	28 of 39
Net migration (including statistical adjustment) per 1,000 inhabitants	2025	2.9	-46.3%	26 of 39
Median age of population years	2025	45.5	0.0%	6 of 38
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64) %	2025	35.9%	+0.7 pp	31 of 38
Life expectancy at birth years	2024	81.2	+0.4%	21 of 37

Public-sector efficiency

Indicator	Period	Value	Year-on-year change	Trend	Rank in Europe
Employment in public administration and defence (NACE O) thousand persons	2025 ^p	2,969	+1.5%		1 of 26
Total employment (national accounts) thousand persons	2025 ^p	45,878	-0.2%		1 of 26